WHAP Unit 2 Chapter 3 Reading Guide KEY
Read Chapter 3 and Identify the following:
1.Achaemenid dynasty:First dynasty of Persian empire
2.Cyrus:
Created Achaemenid dynasty of Persian Empire (557-530 BCE), nicknamed the Shepherd
3.Darius:
Expanded Persian empire (522-486 BCE) great administration
4.Ahura Mazda:
Supreme god of Zoroastrianism
5.Satraps:
Persian government was split into several provinces/satrapies ruled by a governor/satrap, collected taxes and responsible for military
6.Royal Road:
1700 miles in length, facilitated communication and commerce in Persian empire from Susa to Sardis
7.Persepolis:
Capital city of Persian Empire built
8.Hellenes:
Greeks, their name for themselves
9.Citizens:
Free citizens who run the affairs of the state
10.Helots:
servants, not chattel slaves but not free, could not leave land
11.Solon:
Reforming leader of Athens who abolished debt slavery and made government jobs salaried, all male citizens could partake in assembly
12.Pericles:
Athens’ greatest statesman, golden age, beautified Athens
13.Greco-Persian Wars:
Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 BCE and 480 BCE, in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea
14.Battle of Marathon:
Greek victory against Persians, idea of marathon, 490 BCE
15.Democracy:
In Athens, much of the free male population had the franchise and officeholders were chosen by lot
16.Parthenon:
Built under Pericles during Golden Age, temple to Athena on acropolis in Athens, perfect ratio
17.Golden Age:
Fifty years after Persian wars, great time of growth and creativity for Greece, monumental building, theatre, philosophy
18.Athens:
Greek city-state known for its direct democracy, naval power, intellect and creativity, beautification, head of Delian League, lost Peloponnesian War / 19.Sparta:
Greek city-state known for its military, had Council of Elders, won Peloponnesian War, simple, austere
20.Alexander the Great:
Alexander III of Macedon, 356-323 BCE, conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India
21.Greek Empire:
Land of Greece united by Phillip of Macedon and later expanded by Alexander the Great
22.Alexandria:
Port city at mouth of Nile, founded by Alexander, contains museum and library
23.Ptolemaic Empire:
Part of Alexander’s empire that was inherited by Ptolemy at Alexander’s death, area including and around Egypt, wealthiest part of Greek empire
24.Seleucid Empire:
largest part of Greek empire, Anatolia to Bactria, inherited by Seleucus after Alexander’s death, later taken over by Parthians
25.Hellenism:
Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia and North Africa in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander’s political successors, blended with Persian culture
26.Patricians:
Roman aristocrats and wealthy classes.
27.Plebeians:
Roman commoners, poorer classes
28.Senate
Patrician assembly that advised the consuls
29.Twelve Tables:
Roman law code, many principles used in US today, 450 BCE
30.Punic Wars:
fight for supremacy in Mediterranean between Rome and Carthage over grain supplies
31.Carthage:
Northern African kingdom, main rival to early Roman expansion, that was defeated by Rome in the Punic Wars
32.Roman Empire:
Created after the end of the republic, built on military expansion, from England in north, Spain in West, Egypt in south and much of SW Asia, fell in 476 CE
33.Julius Caesar:
grew popular through the army, became first dictator of Rome, was assassinated in 44 B.C.E
34.Augustus:
Great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (31 BCE-14 CE)
35.Pax Romana:
“Roman Peace”, term typically used to denote the stablility and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries CE
36.Period of Warring States:
time of chaos after fall of Zhou dynasty in which centralized rule had broken down / 37.Qin dynasty:
Dynasty that came to power out of the Period of Warring States using Legalism, 221-207 B.C.E
38.Qin Shihuangdi:
“first emperor of the Qin”, forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state
39.Legalism:
Chinese philosophy of strict laws and cruel punishments, collective responsibility used by Qin dynasty after Period of Warring States
40.Great Wall of China
Connection of multiple defensive earthen walls created by the Chinese under Qin Shihuangdi, forced labor
41.Han dynasty:
Ruled China from 206 BCE to 220 CE, creating a durable state based on Shihuangdi’s state-building achievement.
42.Sui dynasty:
Chinese imperial state similar to the Han, 589-618 CE
43.Han Wudi:
martial emperor, 141-87 B.C.E. strong central gov’t, university based on teachings of Confucius
44.Yellow Turban Rebellion:
revolt against the Han over land distribution and gap between rich and poor
45.Tang dynasty:
Chinese imperial state 618-907 CE
46.Song dynasty:
Chinese imperial state 960-1279 CE
47.Aryans:
Indo-Europeans who migrated into the Indus River Valley bringing their culture with them
48.Mauryan Empire:
Major empire that encompassed most of India (322-185 BCE)
49.Arthrashastra:
Treatise, the Science of Worldly Wealth, how a ruler should act to maintain power and common good even brutal measures
50.Ashoka:
Most famous ruler of the Mauryan empire (268-232 BCE) who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance
51.Rock and Pillar Edicts:
Series of edicts by Ashoka carved on rocks and pillars throughout the Mauryan dynasty
52.Gupta Empire:
320-550 CE, imperial control in India, peaceful and tolerant
53. Bureaucracy: system of government were decisions are made by state officials rather that elected officials
54. Constantinople: capital city of the Eastern Roman empire, named after the first Christian emperor Constantine.
Key Concept 2.2 / Development of States and Empires
I. Key states and empires / What are they and where are they located?
Persian: SW Asia, From Turkey in West to India in East, into Egypt
Greek: Greek city-states centered on Aegean Sea in Mediterranean, and then included the Persian Empire
Roman: begins on Italian peninsula in central Mediterranean, expands as far north as England, south into Northern coast of Africa including Egypt, into SW Asia, West to Spain
China (Qin and Han dynasties): East Asia
India (Mauryan and Gupta): South Asia
II. New techniques of imperial administration
A. Rulers created administrative institutions in many regions / In what ways did they set up their administrations? How were they organized?
Persian: satraps (governors) governed satrapies (23 provinces), tolerance, spies, lower level officials drawn from locals
Greek: hundreds of independent city-states, each one had its own type of government
Roman: kingdom, then republic, then dictatorship, Law=Twelve Tables
China: Legalism used by Qin, centralized government based on teachings of Confucius used by Han, highly bureaucratic, edicts of the emperor not written law code, scholar bureaucrats, mandate of heaven
India: highly centralized government not easy to construct with such cultural diversity, also frequently invaded, spies, Ashoka had Buddhist/moralist approach to rule, tolerance under Gupta
Taxation or tributes in all
B. Imperial governments projected military power over larger areas using a variety of techniques / Examples of techniques:
Persia: conquered much land but used tolerance and respect for conquered peoples, satraps were required to provide military/soldiers from satrapies
Greek: land power like Spartans and naval power like Athens, phalanx
Roman: conquered land and defeated competition with army, Roman legion, defensive walls (Roman limes), mercenaries, army “well-fed, well-trained, well-rewarded”, brutal in war, would raze cities
China: Great Wall
India: large infantry including 9000 elephants
C. Much of the success of the empires rested on their promotion of trade and economic integration of building and maintaining roads and issuing currencies / Examples of this:
Persia: standardized coins/gold Darics, Royal Road
Greek: colonization around Mediterranean and Black Seas
Roman: Roads throughout empire “All Roads Lead to Rome”, curbs, drainage, concrete
China: Qin Shihuangdhi standardized weights and measures, Great Wall
India: Indian ocean trade, pepper
III. Unique social and economic dimensions developed in imperial societies in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas
A. Cities (List them and describe their functions) / Centers of trade, public performance of religious rituals, and political administration for states and empires
Persepolis, Susa, Ctesiphon
Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes
Alexandria
Rome, Carthage, Constantinople
Chang’an
Pataliputra
C. Imperial societies relied on a range of methods to maintain the production of food and provide rewards for the loyalty of elites. / As Roman empire grew wealthy aristocrats were rewarded with land on which they created large latifundia, gained public acclaim and high political office, and earned promotions
Slavery- Helots
Taxation: you had to pay taxes so you must produce something to sell
Legalism in China: force subjects to produce agriculture/taxation
D. Patriarchy / Persia: women were to obey men
Greece: Athenian women kept in, Sparta women had more freedom, women did not have citizenship
Rome: pater familias, men had absolute control over wife, children, and slaves; over time elite women experience less restriction, women found protection of the law in areas of marriage and property rights
IV. The Roman, Han, Persian, Mauryan, and Gupta empires created political, cultural, and administrative difficulties that they could not manage, which eventually led to their decline, collapse or transformation into successor states.
A. Environmental damage caused by empires / Roman Empire experienced extensive deforestation and unprecedented levels of lead in the air
China had substantial urban air pollution and soil erosion in the countryside.
Excessive mobilization of resources caused environmental damage
Smelting metals required wood, leading to deforestation and soil erosion
B. External problems along frontiers/threats of invasion / Persia: overtaken by the Greeks, conquered by Alexander
Romans: Germanic Tribes---Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals, Goths, Anglo-Saxons, etc. pushed in by the Huns. Sacked Rome
China: Han vs. Xiongnu, barbarian states in North China
India: under constant threat from Central Asia, Gupta vs. Huns
Chapter 3 - Big Questions (Short Answer Responses required)
1. What common features can you identify in the empires described in this chapter? In what ways do they differ from one another? What accounts for those differences?
- All empires controlled large areas and populations
- All empires brought together by conquest and were funded by extracting wealth from conquered people
- All empires caused diffusion, stimulated exchange of ideas, cultures, and values
- All had imperial identity that was regarded above the local identities
- All eventually collapse or were absorbed into another
- Some ruled with centralized power while others had local elites managing (satraps in Persian for example)
- Some empires assimilated conquered people customs and culture quickly, others slowly
2. How do these empires of the second-wave of civilizations differ from the political systems of the First Early River Valley Civilizations?
- Empires drove the long distance communication and trade networks
- They brought some peace and stability to large populations by providing protection and building of infrastructure
- They fostered economic, artistic, techonological, advancemetns
- They had a negative impact on environments through frequent conquering and warfare
- They allowed slavery and patriarchy to thrive causing oppression of women and lower classes
3. How did centralized governments, elaborate legal systems and bureaucracies help to organize their subjects in these emerging ‘states’ and ‘empires’? Using diplomacy? Building fortifications, defensive walls, and roads? Drawing new groups of military officers and soldiers from the local populations or conquered people?
- Empires used all of these methods
- Legal systems such as the 12 tables and the Republic of Rome, democracy in Athens
- Romans build major road system for military transportation and trade
- Roman allowed mercenaries and conquered people into military
- China built a wall to protect from invasions
- Chinese emperors used legalism and a system of bureaucracies
- All empires used a patriarchial system
4. Hierarchies existed in these societies… put the following groups of people in order from low to high…
a. Artisans, merchants, laborers, cultivators, elites, slaves
Slaves, laborers, cultivators, merchants, artisans, elites
5. What were some of the causes for the decline, collapse, and transformation into successor empires or states for the following empires? Roman, Persian, Han, Mauryan and Gupta?
- Outside invasions
- Abuse of power by ruler
- Civil wars within empire for power
- Death of rulers
- Epidemics/diseases or outbreaks
- Lose of mandate of heaven/divine rule due to harsh behabior
- Empire too large to manage
Mapping Exercise: Locate, Outline, and Label the following key states or empires. (Use both maps provided)