Unit 7: Industrial Revolution Outline
**Population Growth from 1800-1840
-Grew from 5.3 million people to 17.1 million people
**Different Economic Systems
-North: INDUSTRIAL, inventions to increase production, factories, reliance on cheap & unskilled labor, supply of goods is high, prices are cheaper
-South: AGRICULTURAL, inventions increase crop production & slave population, small farms & plantations, reliance on slave labor, buy goods from the North or Europe, prices are higher
**British Factories
-The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 18th Century
-Britain passed laws making it illegal to take plans to other countries
-Samuel Slater: memorized plans of Richard Arkwright’s factory and opened 1st successful water-powered textile mill in U.S.
**James Hargreaves and Francis Lowell
-Spinning Jenny and Looms: water powered machines used to spin thread and weave fabric
-Effect: Textile mills were built throughout the New England region
**The Lowell Girls
-James Lowell hired young farm girls to work in his factories
-lived in boarding houses
-strict behavior rules
-it provided the women a chance to enjoy economic and personal freedoms
**Factory Working Conditions
1. Varied by factory and owner
2. Long Days—12 hours
3. 6 days a week
-Children as young as 7 were used in some factories
-Production—not worker welfare—was most important
**Cotton Gin
-Invented by Eli Whitney
-Faster way to separate seeds from cotton fibers
-plantations were able to grow more cotton
-Made out of spare parts
-created for sections of a musket
-EFFECT: idea spread to many products and increased speed of production
**Steamboat
-Invented by Robert Fulton
-“The Clermont”
-Allowed quicker and easier upstream travel
-EFFECT: Increased in travel and trade along rivers
**Steel Plow
-Invented by John Deere
-allowed faster, cleaner preparation of soil for sowing crops
-EFFECTS: increase in farm production and settlement of western territories
** Telegraph
-Invented by Samuel Morse
-Sent a series of long and short signals along a wire—“Morse Code”
-EFFECT: Increases communication among states
**McCormick Reaper
-Invented by Cyrus McCormick
-Harvests ripe wheat quickly
-EFFECT: increases grain production in the western territories
**The American System
-Henry Clay’s economic plan for the U.S.
-Use money from protective tariffs to build roads and canals
**The National Road
-Road built to connect to states created in the Ohio Territory
-1st section completed in 1818
-Eventually expands to Vandalia, Illinois in 1857
**Erie Canal-1825
-Connected Lake Erie (Buffalo, NY) to the Hudson River (Albany, NY)
-Opened Ohio Valley and west to more settlement and trade
-Helped further unify the country
**Living in the Cities
-Lack of Order: police and fire brigades were not parts of all cities
-Prejudice: concerned both free African-Americans and immigrants
-Living Conditions: dirty, unsanitary
-Overcrowded
**Nativists
-Felt that immigrants threatened the future of “native born” Americans
-“Know-Nothing” party: a political party that has its roots in secret, anti-Catholic societies
-Wanted stricter citizenship laws
-Wanted to ban foreign-born citizens from holding any political offices
**Labor Unions
-groups of workers that unite for better working conditions and collective bargaining
-workers would go on strike, or refuse to work, until their demands were met
-wanted higher wages and 10 hour work day
**2nd Great Awakening
-Optimistic Message: do good work on earth and you will be rewarded in heaven
-tent revivals, many new churches built, private colleges and universities established
-this will set a tone of charity and good will for the era of social reform
**The Liberator
-Abolitionist newspaper
-William Lloyd Garrison
-Goal: to call for the “immediate and complete emancipation of enslaved people”
-Result: New England Anti-Slavery Society
-“I will not retreat a single inch—AND I WILL BE HEARD!”
**Federick Douglass
-Escaped slavery in 1838
-Self educated
-Wrote his autobiography to show the evils of slavery
-Northern Star—his newspaper
-important writer and orator for the abolitionist movement
-purchased his freedom in 1847
-“The white man’s happiness cannot be purchased by the black man’s misery.”
**Sojourner Truth
-Called “Belle” by her slave owner
-Renamed herself to represent that she wanted to “walk in the light of God’s truth”
-Fought for women’s rights as well as being an abolitionist
**Underground Railroad
-Abolitionist movement to help runaway slaves escape
-traveled at night, led by “conductors”, slept during the day at secure locations—nicknamed “stations”
**Harriet Tubman
-Former slave, and Underground Railroad “conductor”
-returned to the South 19 times
-led over 300 slaves to freedom
-$40,000 reward for her capture in the South
**Many women were fights for the abolition of slavery, BUT:
-they could not vote or hold office
-money and property was controlled by fathers and husbands
-they were not allowed to attend colleges
-there were no laws limiting their treatment by husbands
**Elizabeth Cady Stanton
-Early leader in the fight for women’s rights
-angered when she was not allowed to speak at the World Anti-Slavery Convention in 1840
-Organized the Seneca Falls Convention with Lucretia Mott
**Seneca Falls Convention
-wrote proposal for women’s rights to organize their reform movement: The Declaration of Sentiments
-July 19, 1848
-300 People attended including 40 men
**Susan B. Anthony
-Lecturer and leader of the woman’s suffrage movement
-joined the women’s rights movement in 1852, she had been inspired when she had not be allowed to speak at temperance rallies
-also involved in the abolitionist movement, women’s property rights, and labor unions
**Lyman Beecher
-Preached on many social reforms, but focused on temperance—the movement to ban alcohol abuse
-minister from Connecticut
-Leader of the 2nd Great Awakening
**Horace Mann
-Worked to promote public education—education for all children paid for with state taxes
-promoted new schools for children
-created teachers’ colleges for training
-“Our means of education are the grand machinery by which the raw material of human nature can be worked into inventors and discoverers, into skilled artisans and scientific farmers.”
**Education for the Disabled
-Thomas Gallaudet: worked on methods to educate hearing impaired, opened Hartford School for the Deaf
-Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe: worked with the visually impaired, developed books with large, raised letters
**Dorothea Dix
-Prison and Mental Hospital reform
-visited a prison to teach Sunday school and was appalled at what she saw
-prepared a report and presented it to the MA legislature
-“I proceed to call your attention to the present state of insane persons, confined…in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience.”
**Result of Prison Reform
-public mental hospitals
-debtors no longer sent to prison
-cruel punishment (8th Amendment) is further defined and outlawed
-separate juvenile justice systems
**Hudson River School
-noted style of American paintings of landscapes
-Thomas Cole, Asher B. Durand, John James Audubon
**John James Audubon
-Member of the Hudson River School
-Famous for his illustrations of the birds of America
-Collection includes 435 portraits
-Audubon Society today continues to protect birds and their habitats
**Frontier Artwork
-George Caleb Bingham, George Catlin, Alfred Jacob Miller
**Influential Poets
-Henry Woodsworth Longfellow
-“Paul Revere’s Ride” and “Song of Hiawatha”
-Walt Whitman
-“Leaves of Grass” and “Song of Myself”
-Emily Dickinson
-Over 1,000 poems published after her death
-John Greenleaf Whittier/Frances Watkins Harper
-wrote poems about the evils of slavery
**Influential Novelists
-Washington Irving
-“Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “Rip Van Winkle”
-James Fenimore Cooper
-“The Deerslayer” and “Last of the Mohicans”
-Herman Melville
-“Moby Dick” and “Billy Budd”
-Nathaniel Hawthorne
-“The Scarlett Letter”
-Edgar Allen Poe
-“The Raven”, “The Tell-Tale Heart”, and “The Cask of Amontillado”
**Harriet Beecher Stowe
-“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”—Novel that dramatically shows the evils of slavery
-Massive success—brought attention to the debate over slavery
-Daughter of Lyman Beecher
**Transcendentalism
-belief that the most important things in life transcended (went beyond) human reason
-humans and nature are deeply connected
-trust your emotions more than reason
**Ralph Waldo Emerson
-Transcendentalist Author
-Essays “Self-Reliance” and “Nature”
-Individualism—each person has their own “inner light” and should use it to reform society
**Henry David Thoreau
-Civil Disobedience—you have the right to now follow any law you believe is unfair
-went to jail for refusing to pay taxes supporting the Mexican War
-Author of “Walden” and “Civil Disobedience”
-“Disobedience is the true foundation of liberty.”
-“If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer.”