AP CHEMISTRY

THINGS TO KNOW FOR SEMESTER I FINAL EXAM

NOTE: This is a good list of material to know. It does not represent all information that should be known. If you think of additional formulas, key relationships, etc. please let me know. I can add them.

7 STRONG ACIDS:

  Some oxyacids: HClO4, HClO3, H2SO4, HNO3

  Note: oxyacids in which the number of oxygen atoms is greater than H ions by 2 or more tend to be strong acids.

  Most halide acids: HI, HCl, HBr

  Except HF, which is weak

8 STRONG BASES:

  Hydroxides of Group 1 metals are all strong bases: LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH

  3 Hydroxides of Group 2 metals are strong bases: Ca(OH)2 Sr(OH)2 Ba(OH)2

EM RADIATION: Relationship between visible light and the other types of radiation shown below.

USE THE FOLLOWING SOLUBILITY TABLES IN DOUBLE REPLACEMENT REACTIONS:

Solubility Table I: HIGHLY SOLUBLE IONS:

Ion / Solubility / Exceptions
NO3- / Soluble / None
ClO4- / Soluble / None
Na+ / Soluble / None
K+ / Soluble / None
NH4+ / Soluble / None
Cl-,I-, Br- / Soluble / Pb2+, Ag+, Hg22+
SO42- / Soluble / Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Pb2+, Ag+, Hg2+

Solubility Table II: HIGHLY INSOLUBLE IONS

Ion / Solubility / Exceptions
CO32- / Slightly soluble / Group 1 (IA) and NH4+
PO43- / “ / Group 1 (IA) and NH4+
OH- / “ / Group 1 (IA) and Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+
S2- / “ / Groups 1 (IA), 2 (IIA), and NH4+
CrO4 2- / “ / None

POLYATOMIC IONS:

VARIOUS FORMULAS:

-EM Radiation/Quantum Mechanics:

∆E = -2.178 X 10-18 J ( - ) (Note: this formula can be derived from similar equation on AP Exam Formula Sheet)

-Solutions: (NOTE: volumes must be in LITERS)

M = moles

L

M1V1=M2V2 (for dilutions)

MAVA = MBVB (For acid-base reactions)

Moles = MV

-Mole Relationships:

1 mole of representative particles = 6.02 x 1023 representative particles

1 mole of gas at STP = 22.4 L

STP = 0⁰ C & 1 atm (101.3kPa)

% yield = actual yield

theoretical yield

% composition = mass of element in a mole of compound (Use if only formula is known)

molar mass of compound

% composition = mass of element (Use if actual masses of substances are given.)

mass of compound

ACTIVITY SERIES IN SINGLE REPLACEMENT REACTIONS:

-ACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS: Use Electrical Potential table from AP Exam Formula Sheet. Metals that appear lower on table replace metals that appear higher on table.

-ACTIVITY SERIES OF HALOGENS: halogens higher on the P. Table replace halogens found lower on P. Table.

PERIODIC TRENDS

·  CAUTION: Electron Affinity is measure by how exothermic the reaction is. The more negative the EA, the more exothermic. Whereas we say EA increases across a period, the EA value becomes SMALLER (more negative.)

·  Noble gases are typically not included in these trends.

MEASURE / Across a Period / Down a Group
Effective Nuclear Charge / Increases / Same
Atomic Radius / Decreases / Increases
Ion Size / Decreases (only compare metals to metals/nonmetals to nonmetals) / Increases
First Ionization Energy / Increases (exceptions occur btwn Groups 2 & 13/Groups 15 & 16) / Decreases
Electron Affinity / Increases (exceptions occur btwn Groups 1 & 2/Groups 14 & 15) / Decreases
Metals / Nonmetals
Change in Size When Atom Becomes Ion / Decreases / Increases

PROGRAMMING YOUR GRAPHING CALCULATOR, VERSION TI-83 OR HIGHER

Please note: for the Free Response section of the AP exam, you do not need to clear your calculator. As long as your calculator doesn’t have a QWERTY keyboard, you may use it.

Appsà(5) SciToolsà 1=sig fig calculator: 2= unit converter: 3=data/graphs/hazard: 4= vector calculator

Units of Measurement & What They Measure

Type of Measurement / Unit / Abbreviation / Equivalent to…
Length / meter (SI unit) / m
foot / ft
angstrom / Å
yard / yd
mile / mi
inch / in
Volume / liter / L
cubic centimeter / cc (or cm3) / 1 mL
Concentration / parts per million / ppm
molarity / M / moles of solute/liter of solution
Frequency (waves) / Waves per second / wps / s-1 , Hz
Hertz / Hz / wps, s-1
Energy / joule / J / kg●m2/s2
calorie / cal
electron-volts / eV