Supplementary Tables:
Remission / Active diseaseFood group / Total IBD / CD / UC / Total IBD / CD / UC
(n=22) / (n=17) / (n=5) / (n=22) / (n=17) / (n=5)
Dairy products / 2 (9.1) / 1 (5.9) / 1 (20.0) / 1 (4.5) / 1 (5.9) / 0 (0.0)
Fast Food / 7 (31.8) / 6 (35.3) / 1 (20.0) / 7 (31.8) / 6 (35.3) / 1 (20.0)
Fruits and vegetables / 7 (31.8)* / 5 (29.4)# / 2 (40.0) / 14 (63.6)* / 12 (70.6)# / 2 (40.0)
Meat and meat products / 4 (18.2) / 3 (17.6) / 1 (20.0) / 4 (18.2) / 3 (17.6) / 1 (20.0)
Pastries and pasta / 9 (40.9) / 8 (47.1) / 1 (20.0) / 8 (36.4) / 6 (35.3) / 2 (40.0)
Soft drinks / 12 (54.5) / 10 (58.8) / 2 (40.0) / 7 (31.8) / 5 (29.4) / 2 (40.0)
Sweets and snacks / 15 (68.2) / 12 (70.6) / 3 (60.0) / 13 (59.1) / 10 (58.8) / 3 (60.0)
Data are presented as number (percent). Group differences were calculated by Chi-square-test.
Abbreviations: CD: Crohn’s Disease; IBD: Inflammatory Bowel Disease; n: Number; UC: Ulcerative Colitis
Significance:
* p<0.05 comparison between remission and active disease of all IBD patients
# p<0.05 comparison between remission and active disease of CD patients
Supplementary Table 1: Restriction of food groups and disease status.
Remission / Active diseaseFood item / Total IBD / CD / UC / Total IBD / CD / UC
(n=22) / (n=17) / (n=5) / (n=22) / (n=17) / (n=5)
Apples / 1 (4.5)* / 1 (5.9) / 0 (0.0) / 6 (27.3)* / 5 (29.4) / 1 (20.0)
Banana / 0 (0.0) / 0 (0.0) / 0 (0.0) / 3 (13.6) / 3 (17.6) / 0 (0.0)
Biscuits / 5 (22.7) / 5 (29.4) / 0 (0.0) / 2 (9.1) / 2 (11.8) / 0 (0.0)
Broccoli / 2 (9.1) / 2 (11.8) / 0 (0.0) / 2 (9.1) / 1 (5.9) / 1 (20.0)
Buns / 4 (18.2) / 3 (17.6) / 1 (20.0) / 6 (27.3) / 4 (23.5) / 2 (40.0)
Cake / 3 (13.6) / 3 (17.6) / 0 (0.0) / 3 (13.6) / 2 (11.8) / 1 (20.0)
Carrots / 1 (4.5) / 1 (5.9) / 0 (0.0) / 3 (13.6) / 3 (17.6) / 0 (0.0)
Chips / 10 (45.5) / 7 (47.1) / 2 (40.0) / 10 (45.5) / 7 (41.2) / 3 (60.0)
Chocolate / 7 (31.8) / 5 (29.4) / 2 (40.0) / 6 (27.3) / 5 (29.4) / 1 (20.0)
Crackers / 3 (13.6) / 3 (17.6) / 0 (0.0) / 3 (13.6) / 2 (11.8) / 1 (20.0)
Deli-style salad / 5 (22.7) / 5 (29.4) / 0 (0.0) / 4 (18.2) / 3 (17.6) / 1 (20.0)
French fries / 5 (22.7) / 4 (23.5) / 1 (20.0) / 6 (27.3) / 5 (29.4) / 1 (20.0)
Green salad, raw vegetable salad / 0 (0.0)* / 0 (0.0)# / 0 (0.0) / 5 (22.7)* / 5 (29.4)# / 0 (0.0)
Hamburger / 6 (27.3) / 6 (35.3)# / 0 (0.0) / 2 (9.1) / 1 (5.9)# / 1 (20.0)
Ice cream / 5 (22.7)* / 5 (29.4)# / 0 (0.0) / 0 (0.0)* / 0 (0.0)# / 0 (0.0)
Kebab / 5 (22.7) / 4 (23.5) / 1 (20.0) / 4 (18.2) / 3 (17.6) / 1 (20.0)
Lemonade, cola, ice tea / 11 (50.0) / 9 (52.9) / 2 (40.0) / 7 (31.8) / 5 (29.4) / 2 (40.0)
Meat / 3 (13.6) / 2 (11.8) / 1 (20.0) / 2 (9.1) / 2 (11.8) / 0 (0.0)
Pasta / 0 (0.0) / 0 (0.0) / 0 (0.0) / 1 (4.5) / 1 (5.9) / 0 (0.0)
Pizza / 6 (27.3) / 5 (29.4) / 1 (20.0) / 3 (13.6) / 2 (11.8) / 1 (20.0)
Rice / 0 (0.0) / 0 (0.0) / 0 (0.0) / 1 (4.5) / 1 (5.9) / 0 (0.0)
Salt sticks / 0 (0.0) / 0 (0.0) / 0 (0.0) / 1 (4.5) / 1 (5.9) / 0 (0.0)
Sausage / 4 (18.2) / 3 (17.6) / 1 (20.0) / 3 (13.6) / 2 (11.8) / 1 (20.0)
Strawberries / 1 (4.5) / 0 (0.0) / 1 (20.0) / 2 (9.1) / 1 (5.9) / 1 (20.0)
Sweets / 9 (40.9) / 6 (35.3) / 3 (60.0) / 4 (18.2) / 3 (17.6) / 1 (20.0)
White bread / 2 (9.1) / 1 (5.9) / 1 (20.0) / 4 (18.2) / 2 (11.8) / 2 (40.0)
Data are presented as number (percent). Group differences were calculated by Chi-square-test.
Abbreviations: HC: Healthy Controls; UC-R: Ulcerative Colitis Patients in Remission; UC-A: Patients with Active Ulcerative Colitis
Significance:
* p<0.05 comparison between remission and active disease of all IBD patients
# p<0.05 comparison between remission and active disease of CD patients
Supplementary Table 2: Self-restricted foods and beverages and disease status.
IBD-R / IBD-ANutrients [g/d] / HC / p-value
(n=42) / (n=28)
Carbohydrates / 192.20 ± 66.54** / 259.27 ± 99.36** / 263.62 ± 123.50* / 0.008
Monosaccharides / 30.88 ± 15.45* / 53.94 ± 39.38* / 44.98 ± 38.35 / 0.013
Fructose / 16.81 ± 8.31** / 29.07 ± 21.03** / 23.55 ± 16.35 / 0.012
Glucose / 13.47 ± 7.22* / 24.44 ± 19.05* / 21.06 ± 16.37 / 0.015
Disaccharides / 53.41 ± 25.01* / 75.51 ± 37.17* / 78.86 ± 44.79* / 0.015
Sucrose / 41.33 ± 20.97* / 63.80 ± 33.76* / 64.94 ± 38.35* / 0.006
Common salt / 4.53 ± 1.32* / 5.73 ± 2.12* / 5.62 ± 2.48 / 0.038
Organic acids / 4.91 ± 2.12* / 7.24 ± 4.10* / 6.48 ± 3.86 / 0.026
Chlorine / 3.11 ± 0.90 / 3.88 ± 1.37 / 3.81 ± 1.69 / 0.044
Sodium / 1.98 ± 0.56 / 2.48 ± 0.91 / 2.42 ± 1.05 / 0.047
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Group differences were calculated by ANOVA.
Abbreviations: HC: Healthy Controls; IBD-R: IBD Patients in Remission; IBD-A: IBD Patients with Active Disease
Significance:
* p>0.05 comparison healthy controls and IBD-R or IBD-A patients; ** p>0.01 comparison healthy controls and IBD-R or IBD-A patients after Bonferroni correction
Supplementary Table 3: Differences in nutrient intake between healthy controls and IBD disease status.
CD-R / CD-ANutrients [g/d] / HC / p-value
(n=26) / (n=20)
Carbohydrates / 192.20 ± 66.54* / 254.15 ± 81.25* / 245.58 ± 90.55 / 0.009
Disaccharides / 53.41 ± 25.01 / 73.75 ± 33.97 / 73.08 ± 35.77 / 0.028
Sucrose / 41.33 ± 20.97* / 61.50 ± 29.54* / 60.67 ± 30.17* / 0.009
Starch / 100.96 ± 39.68 / 127.58 ± 41.38 / 122.45 ± 45.39 / 0.048
Common salt / 4.53 ± 1.32 / 5.66 ± 1.82 / 5.39 ± 2.10 / 0.044
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Group differences were calculated by ANOVA.
Abbreviations: HC: Healthy Controls; UC-R: Ulcerative Colitis Patients in Remission; UC-A: Patients with Active Ulcerative Colitis
Significance:
* p>0.05 comparison healthy controls and CD-R or CD-A patients after Bonferroni correction
Supplementary Table 4: Differences in nutrient intake between healthy controls and Crohn's disease status.
UC-R / UC-ANutrients [g/d] / HC / p-value
(n=16) / (n=8)
Carbohydrates / 192.20 ± 66.54* / 267.58 ± 125.96 / 308.71 ± 182.53* / 0.011
Monosaccharides / 30.88 ± 15.45*** / 67.17 ± 48.81*** / 47.63 ± 30.05 / 0.002
Fructose / 16.81 ± 8.31*** / 36.11 ± 25.07*** / 25.46 ± 15.32 / 0.001
Glucose / 13.47 ± 7.22** / 30.47 ± 24.14** / 21.72 ± 14.59 / 0.003
Disaccharides / 53.41 ± 25.01* / 78.36 ± 42.88 / 93.33 ± 62.70* / 0.015
Maltose / 1.62 ± 1.78** / 1.61 ± 1.67# / 7.18 ± 10.52**/# / 0.005
Sucrose / 41.33 ± 20.97* / 67.54 ± 40.44* / 75.61 ± 54.96* / 0.010
Oligosaccharides, absorbable / 4.90 ± 8.97 / 2.58 ± 2.64# / 14.22 ± 20.45# / 0.035
Sugar alcohols / 1.01 ± 0.59 / 1.63 ± 1.22 / 1.72 ± 1.16 / 0.039
Sorbitol / 0.94 ± 0.58 / 1.56 ± 1.22 / 1.64 ± 1.15 / 0.039
Organic acids / 4.91 ± 2.12** / 8.91 ± 5.38** / 6.49 ± 3.46 / 0.003
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Group differences were calculated by ANOVA.
Abbreviations: HC: Healthy Controls; UC-R: Ulcerative Colitis Patients in Remission; UC-A: Patients with Active Ulcerative Colitis
Significance:
* p>0.05 comparison healthy controls and UC-R or UC-A patients after Bonferroni correction; ** p>0.01 comparison healthy controls and IBD-R or
IBD-A patients after Bonferroni correction; *** p>0.001 comparison healthy controls and IBD-R or IBD-A patients after Bonferroni correction
# p>0.05 comparison between patients in remission or active disease state
Supplementary Table 5: Differences in nutrient intake between healthy controls and ulcerative colitis status.
Fatty compounds [g/d] / HC / Total IBD / IBDCD UC
Cholesterol / 0.37 ± 0.14 / 0.38 ± 0.17 / 0.36 ± 0.15 0.41 ± 0.20
Glycerol, Lipoids / 6.42 ± 2.07 / 6.85 ± 2.91 / 6.68 ± 2.51 7.26 ± 3.69
Short-chain fatty acids / 2.00 ± 0.66 / 2.07 ± 0.95 / 2.07 ± 0.86 2.09 ± 1.16
Long-chain fatty acids / 86.10 ± 28.24 / 91.62 ± 40.96 / 89.31 ± 36.45 97.01 ± 50.24
Middle-chain fatty acids / 1.72 ± 0.51 / 1.80 ± 0.78 / 1.80 ± 0.72 1.81 ± 0.90
Poly-unsaturated fatty acids / 14.64 ± 4.77 / 16.21 ± 7.00 / 16.02 ± 6.88 16.66 ± 7.40
Saturated fatty acids / 39.31 ± 13.05 / 41.52 ± 18.93 / 40.60 ± 16.60 43.67 ± 23.72
Monounsaturated fatty acids / 35.87 ± 12.28 / 37.75 ± 17.79 / 36.55 ± 15.92 40.57 ± 21.57
Decanoic acid/capric acid / 1.08 ± 0.33 / 1.12 ± 0.49 / 1.12 ± 0.45 1.13 ± 0.58
Dodecanoic acid/lauric acid / 2.11 ± 0.64 / 2.24 ± 1.01 / 2.23 ± 0.99 2.25 ± 1.07
Tetradecanoic acid/myristic acid / 4.63 ± 1.43 / 4.85± 2.11 / 4.81 ± 1.90 4.95 ± 2.57
Tetradecenoic acid / 0.53 ± 0.17 / 0.54 ± 0.24 / 0.53 ± 0.21 0.55 ± 0.30
Pentadecanoic acid / 0.44 ± 0.14 / 0.45 ± 0.21 / 0.45 ± 0.18 0.46 ± 0.25
Pentadecenoic acid / 0.23 ± 0.08 / 0.24 ± 0.11 / 0.24 ± 0.10 0.24 ± 0.14
Hexadecanoic acid/palmitic acid / 19.37 ± 6.69 / 20.41 ± 9.48 / 19.84 ± 8.15 21.74 ± 12.10
Hexadecenoic acid/palmitoleic acid / 2.22 ± 0.84 / 2.34 ± 1.15 / 2.25 ± 0.97 2.55 ± 1.49
Heptadecanoic acid / 0.39 ± 0.13 / 0.40 ± 0.17 / 0.39 ± 0.15 0.41 ± 0.216
Heptadecenoic acid / 0.37 ± 0.12 / 0.38 ± 0.17 / 0.38 ± 0.15 0.39 ± 0.21
Octadecanoic acid/stearic acid / 8.18 ± 3.07 / 8.77 ± 4.50 / 8.49 ± 3.94 9.43 ± 5.61
Octadecenoic acid/oleic acid / 31.62 ± 10.85 / 33.19 ± 15.82 / 32.10 ± 14.29 35.71 ± 18.97
Oktadecadienoic acid/linolic acid / 12.20 ± 4.08 / 13.47 ± 6.03 / 13.31 ± 5.95 13.83 ± 6.31
Oktadecatrienic acid/linolenic acid / 1.76 ± 0.52 / 1.99 ± 0.81 / 1.98 ± 0.83 2.02 ± 0.77
Octadecatetraenic acid/stearidonic acid / 0.02 ± 0.01 / 0.02 ± 0.01 / 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
Non-adecatrienic acid / 0.01 ± 0.01* / 0.01 ± 0.01* / 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
Eicosanoic acid/arachidic acid / 0.36 ± 0.11 / 0.39 ± 0.16 / 0.39 ± 0.15 0.40 ± 0.18
Eicosenic acid / 0.59 ± 0.23 / 0.68 ± 0.33 / 0.66 ± 0.29 0.74 ± 0.41
Eicosadienic acid / 0.05 ± 0.03 / 0.05 ± 0.04 / 0.05 ± 0.04 0.06 ± 0.04
Eicosatrienic acid / 0.07 ± 0.05 / 0.09 ± 0.05 / 0.08 ± 0.04 / 0.09 ± 0.06
Eicosatetraenic acid/arachidonic acid / 0.23 ± 0.12 / 0.24 ± 0.13 / 0.23 ± 0.11 / 0.27 ± 0.16
Eicodonic acid / 0.10 ± 0.06 / 0.10 ± 0.07 / 0.10 ± 0.06 / 0.11 ± 0.08
Decosanic acid / 0.09 ± 0.04 / 0.10 ± 0.05 / 0.10 ± 0.05 / 0.11 ± 0.05
Decosenic acid/erucic acid / 0.30 ± 0.12* / 0.36 ± 0.18* / 0.35 ± 0.17 / 0.36 ± 0.22
Docosapentaenic acid / 0.05 ± 0.02 / 0.06 ± 0.03 / 0.05 ± 0.02 / 0.06 ± 0.04
Docosahexaenoic acid / 0.17 ± 0.08 / 0.19 ± 0.10 / 0.19 ± 0.09 / 0.20 ± 0.12
Tetracosanoic acid / 0.03 ± 0.01 / 0.03 ± 0.02 / 0.03 ± 0.03 / 0.03 ± 0.02
Tetracosenic acid / 0.01 ± 0.01*** / 0.03 ± 0.04*** / 0.03 ± 0.04 / 0.03 ± 0.03
Butyric acid / 1.22 ± 0.40 / 1.26 ± 0.58 / 1.26 ± 0.52 / 1.27 ± 0.71
Hexanoic acid/caproic acid / 0.79 ± 0.26 / 0.81 ± 0.37 / 0.81 ± 0.34 / 0.82 ± 0.45
Octanoic acid/caprylic acid / 0.64 ± 0.19 / 0.67 ± 0.29 / 0.67 ± 0.28 / 0.68 ± 0.32
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Group differences were calculated by t-test (HC vs. IBD) or ANOVA.
Abbreviations: CD: Crohn’s Disease; HC: Healthy Controls; IBD: Inflammatory Bowel Disease; n: Number; UC: Ulcerative Colitis
Significance:
* p<0.05 comparison healthy controls and IBD patients; *** p<0.001 comparison healthy controls and IBD patients
Supplementary Table 6: Daily intake of lipids.
IBD
Proteins HC Total IBD
CD / UCTotal protein [g/d] / 77.01 ± 29.03 / 83.04 ± 36.21 / 79.53 ± 30.84 / 91.24 ± 45.98
Protein intake [g/kg BW] / 1.09 ± 0.34 / 1.23 ± 0.49 / 1.22 ± 0.45 / 1.25 ± 0.58
Vegetable protein [g/d] / 24.36 ± 7.98* / 29.16 ± 11.90* / 28.55 ± 9.77 / 30.57 ± 15.91
Animal protein [g/d] / 52.65 ± 23.81 / 53.88 ± 27.64 / 50.98 ± 24.38 / 60.66 ± 33.55
Purine-N [g/d] / 0.15 ± 0.06 / 0.17 ± 0.08 / 0.16 ± 0.06 / 0.19 ± 0.10
Essential amino acids [g/d] / 37.08 ± 14.44 / 39.60 ± 17.77 / 37.85 ± 15.27 / 43.69 ± 22.34
Phenylalanine / 3.30 ± 1.22 / 3.54 ± 1.51 / 3.40 ± 1.28 / 3.86 ± 1.92
Leucine / 5.80 ± 2.18 / 6.14 ± 2.63 / 5.90 ± 2.24 / 6.70 ± 3.33
Methionine / 1.64 ± 0.66 / 1.75 ± 0.81 / 1.66 ± 0.70 / 1.94 ± 1.01
Lysine / 5.05 ± 2.12 / 5.39 ± 2.61 / 5.11 ± 2.27 / 6.03 ± 3.22
Isoleucine / 3.61 ± 1.38 / 3.82 ± 1.66 / 3.66 ± 1.43 / 4.19 ± 2.10
Valine / 4.08 ± 1.55 / 4.34 ± 1.89 / 4.17 ± 1.63 / 4.76 ± 2.37
Threonine / 3.03 ± 1.18 / 3.23 ± 1.46 / 3.09 ± 1.26 / 3.57 ± 1.83
Tryptophane / 0.87 ± 0.33 / 0.91 ± 0.39 / 0.88 ± 0.34 / 1.00 ± 0.50
Histidine / 2.02 ± 0.83 / 2.19 ± 1.04 / 2.08 ± 0.90 / 2.44 ± 1.31
Cysteine / 0.98 ± 0.37 / 1.09 ± 0.48 / 1.05 ± 0.41 / 1.20 ± 0.62
Non-essential amino acids [g/d] / 36.61 ± 13.52 / 39.86 ± 17.02 / 38.27 ± 14.39 / 43.58 ± 21.80
Alanine / 3.55 ± 1.45 / 3.88 ± 1.86 / 3.68 ± 1.60 / 4.34 ± 2.33
Arginine / 4.02 ± 1.62 / 4.38 ± 2.11 / 4.15 ± 1.82 / 4.91 ± 2.64
Aspartic acid / 6.41 ± 2.53 / 7.09 ± 3.31 / 6.73 ± 2.85 / 7.92 ± 4.11
Glutamic acid / 14.76 ± 5.23 / 16.00 ± 6.52 / 15.46 ± 5.47 / 17.27 ± 8.48
Glycine / 3.05 ± 1.25 / 3.37 ± 1.63 / 3.20 ± 1.39 / 3.78 ± 2.07
Uric acid / 0.45 ± 0.17 / 0.50 ± 0.23 / 0.48 ± 0.19 / 0.56 ± 0.30
Proline / 5.26 ± 1.86 / 5.69 ± 2.24 / 5.52 ± 1.90 / 6.08 ± 2.88
Serine / 3.57 ± 1.32 / 3.84 ± 1.63 / 3.69 ± 1.39 / 4.19 ± 2.08
Thyrosine / 2.68 ± 1.03 / 2.83 ± 1.24 / 2.71 ± 1.06 / 3.10 ± 1.55
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Group differences were calculated by t-test (HC vs. IBD) or ANOVA.
Abbreviations: CD: Crohn’s Disease; HC: Healthy Controls; IBD: Inflammatory Bowel Disease; n: Number; UC: Ulcerative Colitis
Significance:
* p<0.05 comparison healthy controls and IBD patients
Supplementary Table 7: Daily intake of proteins.