Supplementary Information

Table S1. Country of origin and ear row type of the barley genotypes analysed in this study. Classification of the genotypes on the basis of the DNA polymorphism is indicated for the vernalisation and photoperiod genes. The four vernalisation haplotypes were sorted by the alleles of the cleaved amplified sequence (CAPS) marker HvBM5A (VRN-H1, PROMOTER REGION) and the sequence tagget site (STS) marker for Zcct-H (VRN-H2). "A" and "B" indicate the winter Nure and the spring Tremois alleles, respectively. Ppd-H1, Ppd-H2: dominant alleles; ppd-H1, ppd-H2: recessive alleles for PPD-H1 and PPD-H2 photoperiod genes.
Genotype / Origin / row type / VRN-H1 (1) / VRN-H2 / PPD-H1 / PPD-H2
Aday-2 / TUR / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2 / AA (60) / vrn-H1 / Vrn-H2
Aday-4 / TUR / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2 / winter
Aiace / ITA / 2 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Airone / ITA / 2 / A / A / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2 / AB (18) / vrn-H1 / vrn-H2
Alastro / ITA / 2 / B / A / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2 / facultative
Albacete / ESP / 6 / B / A / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Alce / ITA / 2 / A / A / ppd-H1 / ppd-H2 / BA (30) / Vrn-H1 / Vrn-H2
Alfeo / ITA / 2 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2 / spring
Alimini / ITA / 6 / B* / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Aliseo / ITA / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2 / BB (13) / Vrn-H1 / vrn-H2
Alissa / DEU / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2 / spring
Ambio / DEU / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Angela / FRA / 6 / B* / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Anni / EST / 2 / B / A / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Aquila I / ITA / 2 / A / B / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Aquirone / ITA / 2 / B* / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Arda / ITA / 2 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Armelle / FRA / 2 / A / B / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Arta / SYR / 2 / B* / A / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Astartis / ITA / 2 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Atlante / ITA / 6 / A / A / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Avci 2002 / TUR / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Aydanhanim / TUR / 2 / B* / A / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Azzurro / ITA / 6 / B* / A / ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Bazant / POL / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Bombay / DEU / 2 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Bruker StammII / AUT / 6 / A / B / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Bulbul 89 / TUR / 2 / A / B / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Bulgarian / BUL / 6 / A / B / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Bursztyn / POL / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Cabaret / DNK / 2 / B / B / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Camera / DEU / 2 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Caminant / DNK / 2 / B / B / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Campill / DEU / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Carola / AUT / 6 / A / A / ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Cenader / ROM / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
CI 9819 / ETH / 6 / B / A / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Colonia / DEU / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Cometa / ITA / 2 / A / A / ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Dasio / ITA / 2 / B / B / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Dialog / DNK / 2 / B / A / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Dicktoo / USA / 6 / A / B / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Diomede / ITA / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Doria / ITA / 2 / B / A / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Dudiah / SYR / 2 / B* / A / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Duet / GBR / 2 / A / A / ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Dura / DEU / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
El Bahia / BRA / 6 / B / A / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Emir / NLD / 2 / B / A / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Euijeongbu / KOR / 6 / B* / A / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Explora / ITA / 6 / B* / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Fior 11387 / ITA / 6 / B / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Freja / SWE / 2 / B / B / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Frost / SWE / 6 / B* / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Gitane / BEL / 2 / B / B / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Golden Promise / GBR / 2 / B / B / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Heris / CZE / 2 / B / B / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Igri / DEU / 2 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2**
Jolante / DEU / 2 / A / A / ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Kamil / CZE / 6 / A / B / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Keel / AUS / 2 / B / B / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Ketos / FRA / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Kika / ESP / 2 / B / B / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Kromir / CZE / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Kromoz / CZE / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Kujawiak / POL / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Lomerit / DEU / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Lunet / CZE / 6 / A / B / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Luran / CZE / 6 / A / A / ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Luxor / CZE / 6 / A / A / ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Magda / NLD / 2 / B / A / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Mansholt Fletumer / NLD / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Martino / ITA / 6 / B* / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Mellori / FRA / 6 / B* / A / ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Merlot / DEU / 6 / A / A / ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Mezohegyesi / HUN / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Morex / USA / 6 / B / B / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Nelly / DEU / 6 / A / A / ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Nives / AUT / 6 / B* / A / ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
NT 131*** / ITA / 2 / A / A / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
NT 140*** / ITA / 2 / A / A / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
NT 141*** / ITA / 2 / A / B / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Nure / ITA / 2 / A / A / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Odesskij 3 / UKR / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Okal / CZE / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Onice / ITA / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Orza / TUR / 2 / A / B / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Pamina / DEU / 6 / A / B / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Panaka / ITA / 2 / A / A / ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Pandora / ITA / 2 / A / A / ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Pariglia / ITA / 2 / A / A / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Pastoral / FRA / 2 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Pilastro / ITA / 6 / B / A / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Ponente / ITA / 6 / B* / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Premuda / NLD / 2 / A / A / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Ragusa / DEU / 6 / B* / B / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Reni / DEU / 2 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Rodorz / ITA / 2 / A / A / ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Scirocco / ITA / 6 / B* / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Sfera / ITA / 2 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Sirio / ITA / 2 / A / A / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Steptoe / USA / 6 / B / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2**
Tadmor / SYR / 2 / B* / A / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Tarm92 / TUR / 2 / A / B / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Tennessee Winter / USA / 6 / A / B / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Tichedrett / ALG / 6 / B* / A / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Tidone / ITA / 2 / B / A / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Tiffany / DNK / 2 / A / A / ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Tokak157/37 / TUR / 2 / A / B / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Traminer / AUT / 6 / A / A / ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Trebbia / ITA / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Tremois / FRA / 2 / B / B / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Triumph / DEU / 2 / B / B / ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
U 259 / HUN / 6 / A / B / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Vega / ITA / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Vilna / NLD / 2 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Vogelsanger Gold / DEU / 6 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
Yesevi / TUR / 2 / A / B / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Yuki Shirazu / JPN / 6 / A / B / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Zacinto / ITA / 2 / A / A / Ppd-H1 / Ppd-H2
Zeynelaga / TUR / 2 / A / B / Ppd-H1 / ppd-H2
(1) based on the polymorphism at the promotor region (von Zitzewitz et al. 2005)
* the cases where the Vrn-H1 dominant allele (spring) was in contrast with vernalisation response
and haplotype based on the intron 1 structure (Hemming et al. 2009, Table S3) are indicated in red
** bibliographical reference
*** Doubled haploids belonging to the mapping population segregating for FT, derived from the Nure (winter) x Tremois (spring) cross (NT, Francia et al. 2004).

Table S2. Between group differences in frost tolerance assessed as Fv/Fm after recovery. Groups AA, AB, BA, BB for alleles of VRN-H1promo/VRN-H2. The numbers at the right hand side of the group abbreviations in the header line denote the number of genotypes included in this group. Multiple non-parametric tests: within every row letters indicate significant differences between average genotype means of the groups, p = significance level of the overall multiple comparison.

Exp. / ST / HL / HT / AA / 60 / AB / 18 / BA / 30 / BB / 13 / P
E1 / -14 / 4 / 3/1 / 0.270 / a / 0.390 / a / 0.178 / b / 0.124 / b / 0.001
E2 / -13 / 4 / 3/1 / 0.648 / a / 0.665 / a / 0.486 / b / 0.375 / b / < 0.001
E3 / -13 / 4 / 3/1 / 0.506 / ab / 0.602 / a / 0.430 / b / 0.376 / b / 0.003
E4 / -13 / 4 / 3/1 / 0.709 / a / 0.724 / a / 0.572 / b / 0.460 / b / < 0.001
E5_1 / -11 / 1 / 3/1 / 0.144 / b / 0.244 / a / 0.112 / b / 0.077 / b / 0.005
E5_2 / -11 / 2 / 3/1 / 0.374 / ab / 0.550 / a / 0.271 / bc / 0.167 / c / < 0.001
E6 / -7 / 4 / 12/7 / 0.753 / b / 0.786 / a / 0.740 / b / 0.674 / b / < 0.001
E7 / -8 / 3 / 12/7 / 0.673 / a / 0.699 / a / 0.503 / b / 0.323 / b / < 0.001
E8 / -8 / 4 / 12/7 / 0.628 / b / 0.703 / a / 0.436 / c / 0.325 / c / < 0.001
E9 / -13 / 4 / 12/7 / 0.034 / b / 0.159 / a / 0.031 / b / 0.010 / b / < 0.001
E10 / -11 / 4 / 12/7 / 0.369 / b / 0.650 / a / 0.286 / bc / 0.139 / c / < 0.001
EF1 / -14 / field / 0.574 / b / 0.658 / a / 0.451 / c / 0.386 / d / < 0.001
EF2 / -14 / field / 0.242 / b / 0.406 / a / 0.159 / c / 0.107 / c / < 0.001

ST: stress temperature; HL: hardening length (weeks); HT: hardening temperature (°C day/°C night)

Table S3. List of barley genotypes analysed in this study. The genotypes are presented as classed on the different haplotypes identified on the basis of DNA polymorphisms in the intron 1 structure of the VRN-H1 (HvBM5A) vernalisation gene

Genotype / H1 88_85 / H1 55_56 / H1 55_85 / H1 72_67 / H1 42_43 / H1 42_56 / H1 55_73 / VRN-H1 intron 1 type (1) / VRN-H1 allele type (2) / VRN-H2 allele type (2) / Growth habit (3) / PPD-H1 allele type(4) / PPD-H2 allele type (4) / Vern resp
Dasio / 0 / 1190 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2300 / 0 / 1190 / S / S / S / D / D / 3.75
Anni / 0 / 150 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 900 / 0 / VRN1-1 / S / W / S / R / D
Cabaret / 0 / 150 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 900 / 0 / VRN1-1 / S / S / S / R / D
Doria / 0 / 150 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 900 / 0 / VRN1-1 / S / W / S / R / D / 3
Fior 11387 / 0 / 150 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 900 / 0 / VRN1-1 / S / W / S / D / R
Freja / 0 / 150 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 900 / 0 / VRN1-1 / S / S / S / R / D
Golden Promise / 0 / 150 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 900 / 0 / VRN1-1 / S / S / S / R / D / 3.75
Kika / 0 / 150 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 900 / 0 / VRN1-1 / S / S / S / D / D / 5
Morex / 0 / 150 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 900 / 0 / VRN1-1 / S / S / S / R / D / 3.5
CI 9819 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / VRN1-2 / S / W / S / R / D
Dialog / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / VRN1-2 / S / W / S / R / D
Gitane / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / VRN1-2 / S / S / S / R / D / 5.5
Heris / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / VRN1-2 / S / S / S / R / D
Tidone / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / VRN1-2 / S / W / S / D / D / 4.5
Alastro / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2300 / 0 / 0 / VRN1-3 / S / W / S / D / D
Caminant / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2300 / 0 / 0 / VRN1-3 / S / S / S / R / D
Emir / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2300 / 0 / 0 / VRN1-3 / S / W / S / R / D / 2
Magda / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2300 / 0 / 0 / VRN1-3 / S / W / S / R / D
Pilastro / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2300 / 0 / 0 / VRN1-3 / S / W / S / D / D
Triumph / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2300 / 0 / 0 / VRN1-3 / S / S / S / R / D
Albacete / 650 / 1200 / 850 / 0 / 0 / 2300 / 0 / VRN1-4 / S / W / S / D / D / 8.25
El Bahia / 650 / 1200 / 850 / 0 / 0 / 2300 / 0 / VRN1-4 / S / W / S / D / D
Keel / 650 / 1200 / 850 / 0 / 0 / 2300 / 0 / VRN1-4 / S / S / S / D / D / 4.5
Steptoe / 650 / 1200 / 850 / NA / 0 / 2300 / NA / VRN1-4* / S / W / S / D / R* / 0.75
Alimini / 650 / 0 / 850 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2147 / VRN1-6 / W / W / W / D / R / 106.5
Angela / 650 / 0 / 850 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2147 / VRN1-6 / W / W / W / D / R / 104
Arta / 650 / 0 / 850 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2147 / VRN1-6 / W / W / W / D / D / 35.5
Aydanhanim / 650 / 0 / 850 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2147 / VRN1-6 / W / W / W / D / D / 96.5
Azzurro / 650 / 0 / 850 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2147 / VRN1-6 / W / W / W / R / R
Dudiah / 650 / 0 / 850 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2147 / VRN1-6 / W / W / W / D / D / 29.25
Euijeongbu / 650 / 0 / 850 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2147 / VRN1-6 / W / W / W / D / D
Explora / 650 / 0 / 850 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2147 / VRN1-6 / W / W / W / D / R / 21.75
Frost / 650 / 0 / 850 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2147 / VRN1-6 / W / W / W / D / R
Martino / 650 / 0 / 850 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2147 / VRN1-6 / W / W / W / D / R / 37.5
Mellori / 650 / 0 / 850 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2147 / VRN1-6 / W / W / W / R / R / 99.25
Nives / 650 / 0 / 850 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2147 / VRN1-6 / W / W / W / R / R / 95.75
Ponente / 650 / 0 / 850 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2147 / VRN1-6 / W / W / W / D / R / 104.75
Ragusa / 650 / 0 / 850 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2147 / VRN1-6 / W / S / F / D / R / 6
Scirocco / 650 / 0 / 850 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2147 / VRN1-6 / W / W / W / D / R / 26.5
Tadmor / 650 / 0 / 850 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2147 / VRN1-6 / W / W / W / D / D / 17.25
Tichedrett / 650 / 0 / 850 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2147 / VRN1-6 / W / W / W / D / D
Aquirone / 650 / 0 / 850 / 950 / 0 / 0 / NA / VRN1-6 / W / W / W / D / R / 27.5
Campill / 650 / 0 / 850 / 950 / 0 / 0 / NA / VRN1-6 / W / W / W / D / R / 102.5
Tremois / 650 / 0 / 820 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2636 / VRN1-7 / S / S / S / R / D / 1.3
Aiace / 520 / 0 / 800 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2556 / vrnH1(5200) / W / W / W / D / R / 105
Alce / 520 / 0 / 800 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2556 / vrnH1(5200) / W / W / W / R / R / 101
Alfeo / 520 / 0 / 800 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2556 / vrnH1(5200) / W / W / W / D / D / 106.75
Alissa / 520 / 0 / 800 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2556 / vrnH1(5200) / W / W / W / D / R / 105
Armelle / 520 / 0 / 800 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2556 / vrnH1(5200) / W / S / F / R / D
Astartis / 520 / 0 / 800 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2556 / vrnH1(5200) / W / W / W / D / R / 104.75
Bombay / 520 / 0 / 800 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2556 / vrnH1(5200) / W / W / W / D / R / 92.25
Colonia / 520 / 0 / 800 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2556 / vrnH1(5200) / W / W / W / D / R / 103
Cometa / 520 / 0 / 800 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2556 / vrnH1(5200) / W / W / W / R / R / 104.25
Duet / 520 / 0 / 800 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2556 / vrnH1(5200) / W / W / W / R / R / 93.25
Kamil / 520 / 0 / 800 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2556 / vrnH1(5200) / W / S / F / D / R
Ketos / 520 / 0 / 800 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2556 / vrnH1(5200) / W / W / W / D / R / 103.75
Lomerit / 520 / 0 / 800 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2556 / vrnH1(5200) / W / W / W / D / R / 103
NT 141 / 520 / 0 / 800 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2556 / vrnH1(5200) / W / S / F / R / D / 6
Sirio / 520 / 0 / 800 / 950 / 0 / 0 / 2556 / vrnH1(5200) / W / W / W / R / D / 106