REVIEW FOR THE SCIENCE FINAL EXAM
Metrics
1. Define volume.
2. Define density.
3. Define weight.
4. Define mass.
5. What is the basic unit of length in the metric system (SI)?
6. What is the basic unit of mass in the metric system (SI)?
7. State the formula to find density.
8. State the formula to find Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit.
9. List the metrics prefixes in order from largest to smallest.
11. What are the 3 kinds of scientific models
12. What is a scientific law, theory and hypothesis?
Atoms and Molecules
1. What is the substance that is so simple and so basic that it cannot be broken down any further?
2. Mendeleev created the Periodic Table in order of increasing atomic mass. But what do all of the members of a row have in common?
But what do all of the members of a column have in common?
3. In an element, all of the atoms are exactly alike. What is an atom?
4. Why is an atom neutral?
5. By an elements location on the Periodic Table you can predict its properties. Where are metals located? Where are non-metals located?
6. What makes the transition elements so special?
7. List the charges on the major subatomic particles.
8. An element will never have more than 8 valence electrons. What are valence electrons?
9. Who first applied the term “atom” to the atom?
10. What information does the atomic number give you?
Law of Conservation of Mass
1. What is an ion?
2. How do positive ions form?
3. How do negative ions form?
4. What is a covalent bond? (Also describe how it forms.)
5. What is an ionic bond? (Also describe how it forms.)
6. What is a metallic bond? (Also describe how it forms.)
7. Whenever 2 atoms share one pair of valence electrons, a single bond forms. What is it if they share 2 pair? 3 pair?
8. Hydrogen and helium only have one energy level. What is the maximum number of electrons they can hold?
9. Whenever you have a small atom and a large atom in a covalent bond, the large atom tends to hold onto the shared pair of electrons more tightly than the small atom. This results in a slight charge forming on each of the atoms. This is a polar molecule. State the most common example of a polar molecule.
10. When a chemical reaction occurs, new bonds form. State the 4 types of chemical reactions and provide a description of each type.
11. According to the law of conservation of mass, you cannot create or destroy matter during a chemical reaction. That is why coefficients are inserted to balance chemical equations. What exactly does a coefficient in front of an element or compound tell you?
12. What is the difference between an endothermic reaction and an exothermic reaction?
States and Properties of Matter
1. When I say a substance is hard, green in color, and flammable, I have told you the properties of that substance. What are properties?
2. List the properties of a solid.
3. The resistance of a liquid to flowing is its viscosity. What are the other properties of a liquid?
4. List the properties of a gas.
5. Describe plasma. Include how it forms.
6. What is the difference between vaporization and condensation?
7. During a chemical reaction to form a solution, a solid known as a precipitate may form and fall to the bottom of the container. Why does it settle at the bottom?
8. Solutions can be separated by physical means. What are the components of a solution?
9. What is the difference between an unsaturated, a saturated, and a super saturated solution?
10. Whenever you mix an acid and a base it is a neutralization reaction. List the properties of an acid.
List the properties of a base.
11. The pH scale is used to determine the acidity of a substance. If a substance is an acid, where will it fall on the scale? Where will a base fall?
12. What is the difference between a chemical change and a physical change?
Energy
1. Fusion takes place in the core of every main sequence star. What is fusion?
2. Unless an object is moved, work is not done. Define work.
3. State the work formula.
4. Define energy.
5. As mass and velocity increase, so does kinetic energy. State the kinetic energy formula.
6. What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy?
7. Visible light is an example of electromagnetic energy. What is electromagnetic energy?
8. Gravitational potential energy is determined by an object’s _______________________.
9. The law of conservation of energy says energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed (converted). Give an example of mechanical being converted into thermal.
Give an example of chemical being converted into electrical.
10. Einstein suggested that energy can be created under certain conditions. This led to the formulation of what famous formula?
11. Any object that has motion has the potential to possess mechanical energy which can be converted into another type of energy. Name one such object.
12. Standing water has what type of energy?
Moving water has what type of energy?
13. In order to have heat, there must be movement of thermal energy from a warm to a cool object. What is the difference between thermal energy and temperature?
14. What is the difference between boiling and vaporization?
15. Describe the 3 different types of heat transference.
16. What is the difference between a conductor and an insulator?
17. When a substance changes state, what is happening to the amount of thermal energy in the substance?
Magnetism
1. Each atom is its own little mini-magnet because it has charged electrons in motion, which creates a magnetic field around the atom. Large numbers of atoms with their magnetic fields all pointing the same way is called a ________________ ____________________.
2. Ferromagnetic materials are easily magnetized. List some common examples of ferromagnetic materials.
3. Where is Earth’s magnetic North Pole at this time?
4. Fast moving stream of charged solar particles (solar winds) excite Earth’s atmospheric gases creating an ________________ called the ___________________ _______________ in the northern hemisphere.
5. Explain the statement, “Magnets can cause movement.”
Electricity
1. A circuit is a complete path through which charges can flow. Because charges are moving, a wire carrying the charges is surrounded by a _______________ _______________.
2. Each voltage source has 2 terminals. What is voltage?
3. An object that tries to stop the flow of charges while also using the energy is known as a resistor. State the formula for Ohm’s Law, which would allow you to calculate the amount of resistance on the circuit.
4. What units are on current?
On resistance? On voltage?
5. What is static electricity and how does it form?
6. What is the effect of static discharge?
7. What is an example of static discharge?
8. Induced current is produced when a conductor is moved in and out of an electric field. State 2 types of induced current.
Describe each type of induced current.
9. To make an electromagnet, a coil of wire is wrapped around a ferromagnetic material. This forms a solenoid. How can the solenoid be changed to increase the strength of the electromagnet?
10. What is power?
11. What is the formula to determine the power rating of an object such as a light bulb?
12. What are the units on power?
13. How do you calculate the total energy used by an appliance such as a stove?
14. What are the units on total energy used?
Forces
1. What is velocity?
2. How do you determine the average speed of an object?
3. What is constant speed?
4. How is constant speed shown on a graph?
5. When graphing to determine speed, what part of the graph tells you the speed?
6. What is acceleration?
7. If I walk in a straight line at a constant speed, am I accelerating? Explain.
8. What type of slope represents constant acceleration on a graph?
9. An object is in motion whenever its distance from another object is changing. What is the term used to describe the place or object used for comparison to determine if the distance is changing?
10. With an increase in mass, there will be an increase in inertia. Define inertia.
11. Gravity is a force of attraction that tries to pull objects toward the center of the object exerting the pull. What 2 factors determine the strength of a gravitational pull?
12. During a free fall, air resistance acts like _____________________.
13. State the law of universal gravitation.
14. Momentum is the result of mass and velocity. State the law of conservation of momentum.
15. A force is a push or a pull. What is the result of balanced forces acting on an object?
What is the result of unbalanced forces acting on an object?
16. State each of Newton’s 3 laws of motion.
17. When an object is in free fall, gravity is the only force acting on the object. How much force does gravity exert on the object?
18. What is the acceleration on an object that only has gravity acting on it?
19. What does weight have to do with gravity?
20. Why are machines useful to do work?
21. If you use a pulley to raise a flag up a pole, how has the pulley made work easier?
22. How do you determine the mechanical advantage of a machine?
23. Describe the simple machine in a screw.
24. What makes a machine a compound machine?
25. Your joints act as fulcrums. What do your bones and muscles act as?
26. Machines are rarely 100% efficient. Why?
27. State Boyle’s Law.
28. What is a buoyant force?
29. State Archimedes Principle.
30. Smoke going up a chimney is an example of Bernoulli’s Principle at work. State Bernoulli’s Principle.
31. What are the units found on pressure?
32. What is the relationship between elevation, or altitude, and air pressure?
33. Why does a heavy steel ship float on water?
34. State Pascal’s Principle.
Waves
1. What are mechanical waves and give examples of each.
2. What is a medium?
3. Why does a wave bob a leaf up and down on the water, but does move the wave toward the shore?
4. What is a longitudinal wave and label its parts.
5. What is the difference between constructive and destructive interference?
6. Define compression.
7. Define rarefaction.
8. Define wavelength and what it is related to on a wave.
9. What unit is used to describe the frequency of a wave?
10. Define frequency.
11. What happens to a wave when it is refracted?
12. How is sound created and what influences it speed?
13. In which medium does sound travel the fastest?
14. What does amplitude in a sound wave determine?
15. What does frequency in a sound wave determine
16. How does an echo occur?
17. What creates a sonic boom?
18. What unit measures the pitch of sound?
19. What is the speed of light in a vacuum?
20. How long does it take for light to travel from the sun to the Earth?
21. What are electromagnetic waves and how are they produced?
22. How are electromagnetic waves divided?
23. What determines how much a wave will diffract?
24. Define transparent, translucent, and opaque.
25. What determines the colors of objects?
26. Define: Plane mirror, convex mirror, and concave mirror