Regents Review: Photosynthesis and Respiration
Define the following terms:
ATP –
Cellular Respiration –
Chloroplast –
Gas Exchange –
Glucose –
Guard Cells –
Homeostasis –
Mitochondria –
Photosynthesis –
Respiration –
What are the basic needs for plant growth?
Photosynthesis is the conversion of __________________ energy into __________________ energy
What is the difference between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition
What are the two types of autotrophs?
What are the photosynthetic pigments? Which is the most abundant?
What process is associated with a chloroplast? What is a chloroplast made of?
Why cant we just use chlorophyll alone to produce glucose? What else do we need?
Describe how guard cells regulate homeostasis within the stomates:
What is the overall chemical formula for photosynthesis?
Label the layers of a leaf cross-section below? What does each layer do/contain?
What is the difference between the light and dark reactions?
What is Chemiosmosis?
Photosynthesis converts ___________________ materials (H2O, CO2, light) into _____________________ molecules (C6H12O6)
What factors affect photosynthesis:
What does cellular respiration break down to form energy?
Where do organisms obtain the raw materials needed?
Does it occur in autotrophs and heterotrophs?
What organelle is associated with cellular respiration?
What process transfers energy from one molecule to another?
Is the high-energy molecule ATP or ADP?
What are the two types of cellular respiration? Which requires oxygen? Which produces the most energy by the complete breakdown of glucose?
What is glucose broken down into?
Describe the process of glycolysis? Does it occur in both types of respiration? How much energy is produced?
Describe fermentation and what are the end products of fermentation in yeast and bacteria?
Where does pyruvic acid breakdown?
What is the net overall output for each glucose molecule in the Kreb’s cycle?
How many ATP molecules does the electron transport chain produce? Where does this occur?
What is the overall net reaction of cellular respiration?
Why does muscle fatigue happen in our bodies?
Can other organic molecules be used, like proteins or fats?
Regents Review Questions
1. All life depends on the availability of usable energy. This energy is released when
(1) organisms convert solar energy into the
chemical energy found in food
molecules
(2) respiration occurs in the cells of
producers and high-energy molecules
enter the atmosphere
(3) cells carry out the process of
respiration
(4) animal cells synthesize starch and
carbon dioxide
2. The rate at which all organisms obtain, transform, and transport materials depends on an immediate supply of
(1) ATP and enzymes
(2) solar energy and carbon dioxide
(3) carbon dioxide and enzymes
(4) ATP and solar energy
3. A five-year study was carried out on a population of algae in a lake. The study found that the algae population was steadily decreasing in size. Over the five-year period this decrease most likely led to
(1) a decrease in the amount of nitrogen
released into the atmosphere
(2) an increase in the amount of oxygen
present in the lake
(3) an increase in the amount of water
vapor present in the atmosphere
(4) a decrease in the amount of oxygen
released into the lake
4. The diagram below represents a biological process.
Which set of molecules is best represented by letters A and B?
(1) A: oxygen and water
B: glucose
(2) A: glucose
B: carbon dioxide and water
(3) A: carbon dioxide and water
B: glucose
(4) A: glucose
B: oxygen and water
5. The diagram below represents a cross section of part of a leaf.
Which life functions are directly regulated through feedback mechanisms associated with the actions of the structures labeled X?
(1) excretion and immunity
(2) digestion and coordination
(3) circulation and reproduction
(4) respiration and photosynthesis
6. The graph below shows photosynthetic activity in an ecosystem over a 24-hour period.
Data for a study on respiration in this ecosystem should be collected during
(1) interval A, from only the producers in
the ecosystem
(2) intervals A and B, from only the
consumers in the ecosystem
(3) intervals A and B, from both the
producers and consumers in the
ecosystem
(4) interval A only, from abiotic but not
biotic components of the ecosystem
7. A student studied the location of single-celled photosynthetic organisms in a lake for a period of several weeks. The depth at which these organisms were found at different times of the day varied greatly. Some of the data collected are shown in the table below.
A valid inference based on these data is that
(1) most photosynthetic organisms live
below a depth of 150 centimeters
(2) oxygen production increases as
photosynthetic organisms move deeper in
the lake
(3) photosynthetic organisms respond to
changing light levels
(4) photosynthetic organisms move up and
down to increase their rate of carbon
dioxide production.
8. The relative amount of oxygen in the atmosphere of Earth over millions of years is shown in
the graph below.
At what point in the history of Earth did autotrophs most likely first appear?
(1) 3500 million years ago (3) 1500 million years ago
(2) 2500 million years ago (4) 500 million years ago
Untreated organic wastes were accidentally discharged into a river from a sewage treatment plant. The graph below shows the dissolved oxygen content of water samples taken from the river at specific distances downstream from the plant, both before, and then three days after the discharge occurred.
9. Explain why an energy-releasing process occurring in the mitochondria of the decomposer
organisms is most likely responsible for the change indicated by the data shown at
sampling site C in the graph.
In recent years, the striped bass population in Chesapeake Bay has been decreasing. This is due, in part, to events known as “fish kills,” a large die-off of fish. Fish kills occur when oxygen-consuming processes in the aquatic ecosystem require more oxygen than the plants in the ecosystem produce, thereby reducing the amount of dissolved oxygen available to the fish. One proposed explanation for the increased fish kills in recent years is that human activities have increased the amount of sediment suspended in the water of Chesapeake Bay, largely due to increased erosion into its tributary streams. The sediment acts as a filter for sunlight, which causes a decrease in the intensity of the sunlight that reaches the aquatic plants in the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem.
10. Identify the process carried out by organisms that uses oxygen and contributes to the fish
kills.
11. State how a decrease in the amount of light may be responsible for fish kills in the
Chesapeake Bay area.