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Biology 10 Lecture
Chapter 26 - Biotechnology
I. Overview
A. Cloning of a Gene
B. Biotechnology Products
C. The Human Genome Project
D. Gene Therapy
II. Cloning of a Gene
A. A ________ is a genetically identical copy
1. Human identical twins are ________
2. Genetic cloning is the production of identical copies of a _____
B. Recombinant DNA (______)
1. Contains DNA from _____ or more sources.
2. A _________ (plasmid or virus) carries recombinant DNA into a host cell.
3. _________
a. Extra ring of _____ found in some bacteria.
b. Carry ______ (e.g., for restriction enzymes that cut DNA) not found in the bacterial chromosome.
c. First discovered in Escherichia coli _________.
d. Foreign _____ is inserted into a plasmid taken from bacteria.
e. Recombinant DNA __________ is reinserted into bacteria.
f. When bacteria reproduce (by binary fission), the foreign gene is copied (_________) along with the plasmid.
4. __________ DNA
a. Used to carry recombinant DNA into _________ cells.
b. Foreign _______ is inserted into virus DNA.
c. Virus injects recombinant _____ into host cell.
d. Host cell reproduces (via mitosis) more viruses, including foreign _______.
B. Making ______________ DNA
1. Three types of __________ are used for recombinant DNA
a. Reverse ___________ is used to make complementary DNA (_____) without introns from mammal gene _____.
b. _____________ Enzymes
1) Found naturally in some _____________.
2) They restrict growth of __________ in bacteria.
3) Used to cut ______ DNA at specific DNA base sequence, producing single-stranded “sticky ends.”
4) Foreign DNA _______ cut by same restriction enzyme has complementary “sticky ends” to plasmid DNA.
5) Cut foreign DNA can be inserted into cut ________.
c. DNA _________
1) ________ breaks in DNA molecules in nature.
2) Used to seal foreign DNA into a _________ vector.
2. Getting the Product
a. Recombined _________ is reinserted into bacteria; CaCl2 makes bacteria more permeable.
b. Foreign gene is replicated and makes its __________ when the bacteria reproduce.
c. The cloned gene or its __________ can then be recovered.
D. Polymerase Chain Reaction (_____) - used to create millions of copies of a single gene or piece of DNA in a test tube.
1. _________ - sequences of 20 bases complementary to the bases on the “target DNA” – are first added to the ends of the DNA
2. DNA ____________ is then used to make many copies of the target DNA
3. The DNA polymerase used was extracted from a __________ that lives in hot springs and thus can withstand the high temperatures needed to separate DNA strands
E. Analyzing DNA Segments
1. An individual’s genome can be subjected to DNA ___________
2. The individual’s genome is treated with ____________ enzymes to cut the DNA into fragments
3. Gel _______________ is used to separate the DNA fragments according to their length
4. The fragments are then separated and transferred to a membrane where radioactive ___________ can be applied
5. This results in a unique collection of different sized DNA fragments called restriction fragment length polymorphisms (_________s)
6. The resulting pattern is detected by auto______________
7. ________s are unique in each individual’s genome and in that individual’s close ___________
8. DNA fingerprinting is often used to identify someone who has committed a crime or to tell who is ___________ to whom.
III. Biotechnology Products
A. ___________ organisms are those that have had foreign ______ implanted. Many bacteria, plants, and animals have been genetically engineered
B. From _____________
1. Important _________ and similar proteins have been produced
a. Human Growth Hormone (_____) - previously extracted from human cadaver pituitary glands; used to treat slow growth.
b. Bovine Growth Hormone (____) - used to increase milk production in cattle.
c. Human ________ - previously extracted from cow and pig pancreases; used to treat insulin-dependent diabetics.
2. Safer _________
a. Previous vaccines made from whole weakened _________ or bacteria sometimes caused illness.
b. Recombinant vaccines made from genes for surface _______ of virus or bacteria; less chance of illness.
c. Recombinant vaccine for ___________ is currently available, others are in development.
3. Genetically engineered ___________ are being used to clean up environmental pollution (e.g.: oil spills, air pollutants, etc.)
4. Others are used to produce _______________ (for Nutrasweet)
5. Still others are being used in ______ to extract copper, uranium, and gold from low-grade sources
C. From _________ - (e.g., food crops) genes have been inserted to produce the following properties:
1. __________, insect, and herbicide resistance
2. Increased _____________ content
3. More durability and longer shelf ______.
4. Ability to “fix” ____________ from soil (less fertilizer needed)
5. Production of chemicals and ________ (e.g., vaccines).
D. From ____________
1. Foreign genes, such as ______, microinjected into animal eggs produce larger fish, cows, pigs, etc.
2. Gene Pharming - use of transgenic farm animals to produce ____________ products.
a. Gene that codes for therapeutic ___________ (e.g.: collagen) incorporated into animal DNA.
b. Protein is produced and extracted from animal’s milk or ________
E. ______transplantation - the use of animal organs rather than human organs in transplant patients
1. Genetic engineering can make animal organs less subject to ___________ by a human’s body
2. ______ are being genetically engineered to produce organs suitable for human transplantation
3. Concerns exist about the possibility of animal ________ infecting humans
F. Animal Cloning
1. A _________ is genetically identical to its parent (like identical twins)
2. Creating a clone from adult cells was difficult because such cells are already ___________, and have some genes turned off
3. In 1977 Scottish scientists solved this problem and created the first cloned animal - a sheep named _______
a. They took _________ gland cells from the sheep they wanted to clone and starved them to cause the cells to turn all their genes back on
b. They removed the nucleus of another sheep’s ____ cell, then implanted and fused the __________ of the mammary cell
c. The egg was implanted into another sheep’s uterus and began to divide mitotically, forming an _________ and eventually a lamb genetically identical to the mammary cell donor.
4. Several animals have now been cloned, including __________ such as sheep, cows, and mice
IV. The Human _____________ Project
A. The human genome project has 2 ________:
1. To determine the sequence of all _______ on all 46 human chromosomes
a. It is estimated that each chromosome contains ______+ genes
b. About __________ genes that code for proteins have been identified
2. To know the _____ __________ on all the human chromosomes
a. This goal has been ____________
b. There are about 3 ________ base pairs in the human genome
c. It would take an encyclopedia of ____ volumes, each with _____ pages to list all of them
B. Potential _________ of the HGP:
1. To determine genetic ________ of individuals and treat them
2. To find possible _______ remedies for genetic illnesses
3. Designer __________?
V. Gene _________ - the insertion of genetic material into human cells for the treatment of a disorder. There are _______ (outside the body) and __________ (inside the body) methods of gene therapy
A. Genetic disorders
1. An ex vivo method has been tried to treat children with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (______)
2. Bone marrow ______ cells are withdrawn from the child, a retrovirus is used to insert a normal gene into them, the cells are then returned to the child’s body
3. SCID patients have shown ___________ with this procedure
4. Similar techniques are now being used to treat those with familial cholesterolemia and cystic _________
B. Cancer treatment
1. _______therapy in cancer patients often kills healthy cells as well as cancer cells
2. Some researchers are attempting to cure cancers, such as ovarian and lung cancer, by inserting healthy _______ into the cancerous cells of cancer patients
3. Their efforts have had a small amount of success, but these procedures are still ___________.
C. Other Illnesses - there are plans to treat patients with hemophilia, __________, Parkinson disease, and AIDS by giving them bioengineered cells.