Study Guide Chapter 5
Biology 100
I. Chapter 5: Life’s Border – The Plasma Membrane
A. Terms
1. Phospholipid Bilayer 16. Concentration Gradient
2. Fluid Mosaic Model 17. Passive Transport (a.k.a Facilitated Diffusion)
3. Transport Proteins 18. Active Transport
4. Receptor Proteins 19. Hypertonic
5. Integral Proteins 20. Hypotonic
6. Peripheral Proteins 21. Isotonic
7. Plasma Membrane 22. Exocytosis
8. Simple Diffusion 23. Endocytosis
9. Concentration Gradient
10. Osmosis
11. Pinocytosis
12. Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
13. Phagocytosis
B. Figures: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, and 5.10
C. Tables: None
D. Study Questions
1. Describe the chemical characteristics of a phospholipid. Think back to our discussion of chemistry.
2. Sketch a diagram of the phospholipid bilayer and label the hydrophobic core and the hydrophilic heads. What do the
"tails" extending into the hydrophobic core represent? (Hint: think back to our discussion of the chemistry of lipids).
3. Explain each of the two terms in the phrase "fluid mosaic" and how it helps specifically describe the structure of the cell
membrane.
4. Explain the functions of each of the following types of the membrane proteins: transport, receptor, and recognition.
5. Explain the concept of “selective permeability”. Does the cell membrane demonstrate selective permeability? Why is this
capability important to the cell?
6. Explain the term “concentration gradient” and give an example. In the absence of external forces, do molecules tend to
move from regions of lower concentration to higher, or vice versa?
7. Explain the term “diffusion” and discuss factors that can affect it.
8. You make a solution of salt water. What is the solvent? What is the solute? How could you make the solution more
concentrated? How could make the solution more dilute?
9. Define the following related terms: isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic.
10. You take three samples of human blood cells and put one sample into each of the following salt solutions:
A) 0.9% B) 0.1%C) 5%
Based on this information, answer the following questions: (Hint: Human blood cells are isotonic to 0.9% salt solution)
a. Which solution is hypertonic to the blood cells?
b. Which solution is hypotonic to the blood cells?
c. Which solution will cause the blood cells to swell up?
d. Which solution will cause the blood cells to shrink?
e. Which solution will likely cause the fastest change in shape?
11. Assume that a 0.25M ( “M” represents a concentration unit of measurement) sugar solution is isotonic to a plant cell.
Answer each of the following questions using either a more concentrated (e.g. 0.40M) or more dilute (e.g. 0.10M) solution.
a. How could you increase the turgor pressure in the cells of this plant?
b. How could you demonstrate plasmolysis?
12. Explain the term “osmosis”. Your response should include the following terms: water, solute concentration gradient,
semipermeable membrane, hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic.
13. Answer each of the following questions using the terms simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and/or active transport.
a. Requires a membrane-bound transport protein.
b. Requires ATP.
c. Movement of substances is based on concentration gradients.
d. Movement of substances against concentration gradients
e. Method by which water moves.
14. Describe the function and general mechanism of endocytosis and exocytosis.
15. See Review on pages 106 and 107.
Study Guide Chapter 6
Biology 100
I. Chapter 6: An Introduction to Energy
A. Terms
1. Metabolism 16. Active Site
2. First Law of Thermodynamics 17. Coenzyme
3. Second Law of Thermodynamics 18. Allosteric
4. Endergonic (Endothermic) 19. Negative Feedback
5. Exergonic (Exothermic)
6. ATP
7. Potential Energy
8. ATP/ADP Cycle
9. Kinetic Energy
10. Metabolic Pathways
11. Substrate
12. Coupled Reaction
13. Catalyst
14. Enzymes
15. Activation Energy
B. Figures: 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 6.10, 6.11, and 6.12
C. Tables: None
D. Study Questions
1. Be able to explain the term “metabolism”, which we discussed the first week of classes.
2. State the first law of thermodynamics and discuss its biological implications. Hint: Think back to the energy and matter
flow diagram presented in the first chapter.
3. Energy can be converted from one form to another. a. True b. False Explain the rationale for your choice.
4. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats can be used by your body as a energy source. Where is the energy contained within
these nutrients?
5. Energy conversions are completely efficient. a. True b. False Explain the rationale for your choice.
6. During energy conversions, that energy not efficiently converted is typically lost as what type of energy? How is this
“lost energy” physiologically important to humans?
7. State the second law of thermodynamics and discuss its biologically implications. For example, think about “food chains”
in ecosystems (i.e. the caterpillar eats the leaf, the bird eats the caterpillar, and the fox eats the bird).
8. Why are photosynthetic plants so important, from an energy point of view, to organisms that cannot perform
photosynthesis (ie. animals)?
9. Distinguish between the terms endergonic and exergonic. Which of these terms most accurately describes the overall
process of photosynthesis? Which of these terms most accurately describes the overall process of aerobic respiration?
10. What does the term “ATP” represent? Describe its composition. What macromolecule has a form of ATP as one of its
unit molecules?
11. How does ATP differ from ADP and AMP? How does ADP chemically become ATP (i.e. name the chemical process)?
12. Sketch the process of the “ATP/ADP cycle” and discuss the relation of this process to energy production/use in your
cells. Your response should include the term mitochondrion.
13. What are enzymes and briefly discuss four features that enzymes have in common?
14. Explain the concept of activation energy using an example of trying to light a match.
15. How is it thought that enzymes actually facilitate chemical reactions?
16. Briefly explain how factors such as temperature and pH can affect enzyme activity. In each of these cases, how is
protein structure affected?
17. Referring to figure 6.10 (p. 127), explain the concept of negative feedback inhibition.
18. See Review on pages 120-121.
Study Guide Chapter 7
Biology 100
I. Chapter 7: Vital Harvest – Deriving Energy From Food
Note: Aerobic respiration is a fascinating process. However, the terms and concepts are probably very new to you. I do NOT
expect you to know all of the details that are included in the chapter. In order to increase your comprehension, I encourage you to
read the chapter through one time just to get an overview of the terms and concepts. Then go back and work through the reading
study guide. The questions in this reading study guide are not necessarily "right from the book", so you may need to spend some
additional time thinking about them.
A. Terms
1. ATP
11. Coenzymes
2. Anaerobic 12. Reduced
3. Oxidized
13. Redox Reaction
4. Aerobic Respiration 14. Electron Carriers
5. Glycolysis 15. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
6. Pyruvate
16. Acetyl-CoA
7. Mitochondrion 17. ATP Synthases
8. Krebs Cycle 18. Cellular Respiration
9. NAD (NADH)
10. FAD (FADH2)
B.
Figures: Note: It is critically important that you STUDY these figures and integrate the terms and concepts. 7.1, 7.3, 7.4,
7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 7.10
C. Tables: None
D. Study Questions
1. Review the names of the chemical unit molecules of the energy-yielding macromolecules: carbohydrates, fats
(triglycerides), and proteins.
2. Distinguish between the terms “aerobic” and “anaerobic”. Which of these metabolic pathways provides you with the
most energy (i.e. the greatest ATP yield)? Give the specific NET ATP yields for both metabolic pathways.
3. What are the stages of aerobic respiration? Briefly summarize the major events in each stage.
4. Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? What chemical compound “enters” glycolysis (i.e. the substrate)? What
is/are the chemical end products of glycolysis under aerobic conditions? Hint: Focus on the carbon-containing
compounds emphasized in the figures.
5. Glycolysis has only energy-requiring chemical reactions. a. True b. False Explain the rationale for your
response.
6. Review figure 7.4, which provides additional details on glycolysis. What is the gross yield of ATP per molecule of
glucose that is converted to pyruvate? What is the net yield?
7. Notice in the same figure the compounds NAD and NADH, which are coenzymes. What is the function of
coenzymes? Which form of these coenzymes is oxidized? Which form is reduced? What is the net yield of NADH per
molecule of glucose that is converted to pyruvate? What is the net yield when lactic acid is the end product?
8. What physiological factor determines if the pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA? If the conversion does take place,
what is the fate of the carbon atoms that are cleaved from the pyruvate in the process of making acetyl CoA?
9. Are ATP and/or NADH produced when pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA? If so, how many?
10. Each acetyl CoA has how many carbon atoms in its structure? If both molecules of acetyl CoA enter into the Krebs
cycle, what is the “final fate” of the carbon atoms? Now you should better understand the overall chemical equation for
cellular respiration (e.g. 6CO2).
11.
Where in the cell does the Krebs cycle take place?
12.
Refer to figure 7.6. Count the number of NADH FADH2 (which are similar in function to NADH), and ATP
,
produced during the Krebs cycle (NOT including the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA). Remember that the figure
shows the results for ONE molecule of acetyl CoA, and that each glucose yields TWO molecules of acetyl CoA. We
will use this information later.
13.
What is the function of the electron transport chain (phosphorylation)? How many ATP are generated from each
molecule of NADH and FADH2 that enter the chain?
.
14. Now, go back over the process and determine how many ATP can be produced from complete aerobic metabolism
of a molecule of glucose. Hint: See figure 7.8
15. How are ATP synthesized during aerobic metabolism? Your response should include the following terms: substrate
phosphorylation, chemiosmotic theory of ATP production, ATP synthases, transport proteins, ATP, ADP, and Pi
16. What is the estimated energy-conserving efficiency of aerobic respiration? What is the “fate” of the non-conserved
energy (i.e. the energy not captured to make ATP)?
17. Study figure 7.10. Explain how each of the three nutrient groups (complex carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) can be
used for energy via the processes discussed earlier.
18. See Review on pages 138-139.
Study Guide Chapter 8
Biology 100
I. Chapter 8: The Green World’s Gift -Photosynthesis
Note: Photosynthesis is a fascinating process. However, the terms and concepts are probably very new to you. In order to
increase your comprehension, I encourage you to read the chapter through one time just to get an overview of the terms and
concepts. Then go back and work through the reading study guide. If you prepare prior to lecture, I think you will find that the
lecture will help “fill in the gaps” and you will be better prepared for the lab activities
A. Terms
1. Stomata 11. ADP 21. Photosystems
2. Grana 12. NADP+ 22. Electron transport systems
3. Photosynthesis 13. NADPH 23. Photolysis
4. Chloroplasts 14. Glucose 24. Thylakoid Compartment
5. Stroma 15. Carbon dioxide 25. Accessory Pigments
6. Thylakoids 16. Electromagnetic spectrum 26. Calvin Cycle
7. Light-dependent reactions 17. Visible light spectrum 27. RuBp
8. Light-independent reactions 18. Wavelength 28. Reaction Center
9. Hydrogen ions 19. Chlorophyll 29. Carbon fixation
10. ATP 20. Absorb/Reflect 30. C3, C4, and CAM plants
B. Figures: Note: It is critically important that you STUDY these figures and integrate the terms and concepts: 8.2, 8.3, 8.4,
8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.10
C. Tables: 8.1
D. Study Questions
1. What process is described as “The main energy-acquiring pathway”? What process is described as “The main energy-
releasing pathway”? What is the primary energy product produced in each of these processes? What is this energy product
used for?
7. Describe the chemical interdependence between photosynthesis and aerobic respiration
3. What is “photosynthesis”? Briefly describe the two stages of this pathway. Your response should include the following
terms: glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ATP, sunlight, water, NADP, electrons, NADPH, and hydrogen.
4. Write the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis and identify the reactants and the products. Is this reaction
overall exergonic or endergonic? Explain the rationale for your response.
5. Glucose is the true end product of photosynthesis. a. True b. False Explain the rationale for your response.
6. In what organelle does photosynthesis occur? Is this organelle found in the nucleus of the cell?
7. Describe the structure of a chloroplast. Your response should include the following terms: grana, stroma, and thylakoid
membrane system. In which area do each of the two stages of photosynthesis occur?
8. Review figure 6.3 g (pp. 94 and 95) and get the “big picture” of photosynthesis before you proceed to discussing specific
details.
9. What is the electromagnetic spectrum? What portion of the spectrum is critically important to photosynthesis?
10. Why do leaves on some types of trees look green in the spring and summer, but turn to other colors in the fall? Your
response should include appropriate and specific terminology relating to pigments and absorption.
11. List the three summary events of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
12. What is meant by the phrase “Chlorophyll is the photosystem’s reaction center.”?
13. What are electron transport systems and what types of molecules do they include?
14. What does ATP “transport” in the cell? What does NADPH “transport” in the cell?
15. Summarize the events of the light-independent reactions. Your response should include the terms carbon dioxide,
oxygen, ATP, NADPH, stroma, hydrogen, electrons, and glucose.
16. What compound provides the carbon that will be used to make sugars?
17. What is RuBP and what is its function?
18. Describe the major steps of the Calvin-Benson cycle. Your response should include the following terms: stroma, carbon
dioxide fixation, NADP, NADPH, ADP, Pi, ATP, PGA, PGAL, and RuBP. How is the term “cycle” relevant?