Exam 2 – Quarter 2 Review Sheet

AP Biology

Exam 1 will cover:

1. Chapter 6

Up to, but not including, peroxisomes on the powerpoint (around slide 222)

2. http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/

-you must watch…

a. translation!!!

b. protein trafficking (cis-maturation model)

c. Constitutive Secretion

d. Regulated Secretion

e. Protein Modification (lysosome formation)

Know all bold words, figures and questions in chapter…

CHAPTER 6

**ALL OF THE ABOVE VIDEOS ARE FAIR GAME (I CAN ASK QUESTIONS ABOUT THEM)

1. Describe the contributions made by the Dutch microscopist Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) and the English microscopist Robert Hooke (1635 – 1703). Describe cell theory and identify the three scientists accredited with this theory and their contributions.

2. What is a hormone? Give an example and include the origin of the hormone, the target organ, and the affect on the body. Why does this hormone not target any other cells when it is all over the body?

3. Explain why amino acid/polypeptide/protein hormones require a cell surface receptor (embedded in the membrane) protein in order to send a signal to the cell (talk to the cell), while steroid hormones typically have protein receptors inside the cell, soluble in the cytoplasm?

4. Compare and contrast the three different types of microscopes we learned about. How are they similar? How are they different? What are the advantages and disadvantages? How are samples prepared for each? Magnifications? Resolutions? Know when to use each if you were working in a lab.

5. Identify and describe the different types of light microscopes available. Explain how the fluorescent microscope works – give a real life example.

6. Describe specifically how we are able to fluorescently locate any protein we want in a cell using antibodies starting with the protein in a tube.

7. What is the definition of resolution? What is a better resolution, 5um or 120nm? Explain why.

8. Be able to calculate the magnification of a light microscope knowing the ocular and objective magnifications.

7. Be able to calculate the magnification of a light microscope knowing the ocular and objective magnifications.

8. You should be able to calculate either the FOV under high power, FOV under low power, high power magnification, or low power magnification when you know three of the four variables. Sample questions are in the PowerPoint.

9. Explain what happens to the size of the FOV under high power as compared to low power. Why does this happen? Why can one not use a ruler under high power to measure the FOV?

10. Explain the orientation of an object as viewed through a microscope as compared to its orientation on the slide itself. Check out the virtual microscope under the misc section on the lab page if you don’t recall what happens to the letter “e”.

11. How many microns in a millimeter? How many nanometers in a micron? How many nanometers in a millimeter? Be able to convert. Draw a ruler indicating a meter as we did in class and show the definitions of mm, um and nm using the picture by breaking the distances up into a 1000 equal lengths each time.

1. Compare and contrast Prokaryote to Eukaryote

2. Show by drawing a series of phylogenetic trees how the 5 kingdom system changed to become the three domain system via the six kingdoms system.

2. Describe the evidence for the relationship portrayed in the three domain phylogenetic tree…(why we model eurkaryotes branching from archae).

2. Draw a phylogenetic tree showing how the eukaryotes evolved from their prokaryotic ancestors. Be sure to indicate points of horizontal gene transfer and immediate acquisition of new function.

32. Give all major pieces of evidence supporting the horizontal gene transfer (endosymbiotic theory).

4. Explain why hydrophilic molecules like proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, Na+, other salts, etc… are NOT able to move through a plasma membrane, while small hydrophobic molecules can. Why do you think large hydrophobic molecules have trouble crossing?

12. Give a structure-function example in terms of cells.

13. Explain why cells are limited in how big a cell can be. Be sure to discuss the surface area to volume ratio. Use an example to show your reasoning.

13.5. How many calories per day on average do humans need in order to just maintain their body mass assuming very little activity? If a person weighing 220lbs were to switch to a balanced 2200 cal/day diet, what weight would you hypothesize this person to equilibrate at?

14. What limits how small a cell can be?

15. Be able to draw and label prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

16. Describe the structure and function of all the various components of a prokaryotic cell. Be able to draw and label such a cell.

17. Eubacteria (not archae) are observed to come in two distinct types…gram positive and gram negative. How are these bacteria different?

18. We said that the flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes is an example of convergent evolution, and are known as analogous structures. Describe convergent evolution, explain how such an event could occur, and give an additional example. Remember, all life has a common ancestor somewhere with all other life.

17. Explain how a protein, made in the cytoplasm, gets into the nucleus in detail. Give an example of a protein that needs to gain entrance to the nucleus.

18. Explain how 6ft of DNA is packed into a tiny nucleus at a diameter of 1/1000th of a mm.

19. What is a ribosome made of? Where is it made? What genes (segments of DNA) would you hypothesize to find located at the nucleolus?

20. How does the cytosol and cytoplasm differ in definition?

21. Compare and contrast chromatin, chromosome and DNA?

22. How many chromosomes (books) are there in a human nucleus? Are all of these books completely different/unique? Explain. Where did your chromosomes come from?

23. Make a chart that details the organelles present only in animal cells vs. those that are present only in plant cells.

24. Explain how new membrane (phospholipids) are added to the cell membrane when a cell is growing in size or needs to replace phospholipids that have broken down.

25. A cell needs to make a few new lysosomes. Explain how it goes about doing this.

26. SOMETHING LIKE THIS IS A QUESTION (endomembrane system): You are inside a liver cell taking a cytoplasmic swim. On the outside, you observe insulin molecules bind insulin membrane receptors. This causes the genes for the glucose transporter, an integral membrane protein that allows glucose to enter cell, to be turned on so that the liver cell can take up the excess extracellular glucose. Starting from the gene, draw a diagram with points of explanation showing how glucose transporter proteins will find their way to the plasma membrane so that they can do their job.

Make sure you include the following terms:

RNA polymerase, nucleus, chromatin, chromosome, DNA, nuclear pore, N-terminal signal sequence, SRP, SRP receptor, Translocon, ribosome, small ribosomal subunit, large ribosomal subunit, translocate, dehydration synthesis, codon, anticodon, 5’ to 3’, cap, peptide bond formation, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, amino acids, ER, Golgi, transport vesicle, secretory vesicle, fusion, cis-maturation model, cis, trans, rough ER, randomly, thread, pinch, microtubule, kinesin, ATP, glycosylation (two sites), oligosaccharide, ER resident enzymes, golgi resident enzymes, transcription, translation.

Question could also ask you to target a protein to a lysosome or secrete a protein from the cell.

27. You should be able to describe what is happening in every figure in chapter 6 that we have looked at thus far as well as be able to label them without exception.

28. Explain the two lysosomal storage diseases discussed and be able to come up with a method of treating or curing these conditions. Watch the Tay-Sachs movie under misc section of website – chapter 6. Why are they called storage diseases?

29. THIS IS A QUESTION: Describe the process of translation. The level of detail should be similar to the translation video shown in class (virtual cell animation; link above). My suggestion…watch the video many times and write the essay while you write it…then practice writing the essay.

Make sure the following words are included and described: Random motion, 5’, 3’,5’ cap,3’ poly-A tail, mRNA, ribosome, small subunit, large subunit, rRNA, ribosomal proteins, P-site, A-site, tRNA, aa-tRNA (tRNA with an amino acid bound), tRNA synthetase, ATP, anticodon, amino acids, dehydration synthesis, catalyze, peptide bond, translocation, release factor, AUG, start codon, stop codon, codons, polypeptide, 5 to 3 – N to C, and another other words from the video I forgot.

31. Describe why integral membrane proteins contain oligosaccharides only on the extracellular side (outside) of the cell and not on the inside portion.

32. Describe the critical roles of the Smooth ER in the cell.

32. Make sure you know the central dogma…as usual. You will need it to answer the endomembrane question above.

33. Define Apoptosis and identify the two organelles implicated in this process.

33. QUESTIONS FROM THE PREVIOUS EXAM WILL SHOW UP AGAIN

STUDY WELL