Nouns, Verbs and Their Translations-NLE I
PRESENT TENSE—I love, I warn, I rule, I hear IMPERFECT TENSE—WKUB—I was/kept loving, I used/began to love, etc .
root vowel is specially important here : ā, ē, e, ī BAck in the past
amo moneo rego audio amabam monebam regebam audiebam
amas mones regis audis amabas monebas regebas audiebas
amat monet regit audit amabat monebat regebat audiebat
amamus monemus regimus audimus amabamus monebamus regebamus audiebamus
amatis monetis regitis auditis amabatis monebatis regebatis audiebatis
amant monent regunt audiunt amabant monebant regebant audiebant
FUTURE TENSE—I will love, etc . PERFECT TEST—I loved, I have loved, I did love , etc .
[vowels: I O U in the future; A & E but no B] Root change— long vowl; -s-, -u-, -v -, -x-; 3 rd conj. always unpredictable
amabo monebo regam audiam amavi monui rexi audivi
amabis monebis reges audies amavisti monuisti rexisti audivisti
amabit monebit reget audiet amavit monuit rexit audivit
amabimus monebimus regemus audiemus amavimus monuimus reximus audivimus
amabitis monebitis regetis audietis amavistis monuistis rexistis audivistis
amabunt monebunt regent audient amaverunt monuerunt rexerunt audiverunt
INFINITIVES: AM ā RE, MONēRE, REGERE, AUD ī RE IMPERATIVES: am ā , am ā te; mon ē , mon ē te; rege, regite ; aud ī , aud ī te
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 ST DECLENSION 2 nd DECLENSION 3 rd DECLENSION—ROOT CHANGE ALERT! TRANSLATION
mostly feminine masculine neuter (…um…aah) m. & f. –same neuter
Nom regina reginae dominus dominī bellum bella rex regēs nomen nomina name/s Nom
Gen reginae reginarum dominī dominōrum bellī bellorum regis regum nominis nominum of the name/’s/names’ Gen
Dat reginae reginīs dominō dominīs bello bellīs regi regibus nomini nominibus to the name/s Dat
Acc reginam reginas dominum dominos bellum bella regem regēs nomen nomina name/s Acc
Abl reginā reginīs dominō dominīs bello bellīs rege regibus nomine nominibus by the name/s Abl
Voc domine (Cornelī) O, Name/s! Voc
Nominative—subject, predicate nominative or adjective Genitive—shows possession/possessive noun adjective Dative—indirect object—often found with verbs of giving, telling and showing Accusative—direct object/used after most prepositions Ablative—used after SID SPACE prepositions; NIAWAPs tell time—in/at (brev ī tempore, nocte) how/by means of/with (bacul ō , magnā vōce , stīlō, tubā) Vocative—used in direct address (Marcē, Iulī, Cornelia)
IRREGULAR VERB ESSE
Present Tense (am, is, are) Imperfect Tense (was/were) Future Tense (will be) Perfect Tense (have/has been = was/were)
sum sumus eram eramus ero erimus fui fuimus
es estis eras eratis eris eritis fuisti fuistis
est sunt erat erant erit erunt fuit fuerunt
EXTRAS PRONOUNS I you(s) we you (pl) ADJECTIVES – agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number and case.
Nom ego tu nōs vōs – most of the adjectives you will find on the exam borrow endings from nouns
Dat mihi tibi nobīs vobīs from the 1st or 2nd declenstions. We call these 2-1-2 adjectives.
Acc mē tē nōs vōs To make an adverb from a 2-1-2 adjective, add ē to the root: e.g. laetē = happily
Abl mē tē nobīs vobīs
REALLY SERIOUSLY HIGH CLASS THINGS ABOUT
NOUNS, VERBS, ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS FOR NLE LEVEL II!!
PASSIVE— Present —I am loved; Imperfect —I used to be loved; PERFECT TENSES—use the ppp + ESSE — I have/had/will have been loved
Future —I shall be loved. English helping verb—to be; sum => perfect tense
Latin forms—all have –R except for 2nd p. pl. 2nd p. sing has –r is. eram => pluperfect tense
3rd present and future looks the same, in the 2nd p. sing—both have –e- ero => future perfect tense
amor/regor amabar amabor/regar remember that the ppp is an adjective and
amaris/regeris amabaris amaberis/regeris therefore agrees with the subject in gender
amatur/regitur amabatur amabitur /regetur & number (and being subject, it is nom.!)
amamur/regimur amabamur amabitur/regemur
amamini /regimini amabamini amabimini/regemini
amantur/reguntur amabantur amabantur/regentur
IMPERATIVE: pos itive: am ā , am ā te=Love (me) ! ;
negative: nol ī /nol ī te + present active infinitive -Nolī/te amāre=Don’t love (me)!
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___
1 ST DECLENSION 2 nd DECLENSION 3 rd DECLENSION—ROOT CHANGE ALERT!
mostly feminine masculine neuter (…um…aah) m. & f. –same neuter
regina reginae dominus domini bellum bella rex regēs nomen nomina
reginae reginarum domini dominorum belli bellorum regis regum nominis nominum
reginae reginīs domino dominīs bello bellīs regi regibus nomini nominibus
reginam reginas dominum dominos bellum bella regem regēs nomen nomina
reginā reginīs domino dominīs bello bellīs rege regibus nomine nominibus
domine (Cornelī)
Nominative—subject, predicate nominative or adjective Genitive—shows possession/possessive noun adjective, partitive Dative—indirect object—often found with verbs of giving, telling and showing; also used with special verbs such as nocēre, appropinquare and with licet and necesse; Accusative—direct object/used after most prepositions/duration of time and extent of space/subject of a non-finite verb Ablative—used after SID SPACE prepositions; NIAWAPs tell time—in/at (brevi tempore, nocte) and how/by means of/with (bacul ō , magn ō risū)—‘WIAB’; comparison; Vocative—direct address (Sexte, mi fili)
ü Don’t forget to review the 4 th & 5 th declension endings. Partitive genitive after nihil, (nothing), satis, (enough) quid (what), nimis (too much), pars (part)
ü Don’t forget numbers to 20. 18—duodeviginti, 19—undeviginti; also primus, secundus, tertius etc.
ü Don’t forget the meaning of hic, ille, quis /quid , qui/quae/quod, se, ego, tu, is, ea, id, nos, vos (NB is , ea, id can = ille , illa, illud)
ü BE SURE TO KERNEL SENTENCES WITH RELATIVE CLAUSES Look for the question on the predicate nominative/adjective…
PARTICIPLES present perfect future
1st conj. A amans, amantis—loving amatus, -a, -um—loved; amatū rus, -a, -um—going to love, about to love
2nd conj. E monens, monentis—warning monitus, -a, -um—warned monitū rus, -a, -um—going to warn, about to warn
3rd conj. E regens, regentis—ruling rectus, -a, -um—ruled rectū rus, -a, -um—going to rule, about to rule
4th conj. IE audiens, audientis—hearing auditus, -a, -um—heard auditū rus, -a, -um—going to hear, about to hear
ADVERBS 2-1-2s—tarde, tardius, tardissime; 3rd decl.—fortiter, fortius, fortissime
COMPARATIVES—fortior (m, f) fortius (n.)—more strong, stronger, rather strong, quite strong; a true comparative will be followed by quam or an abl.
fortissimus, -a, -um—very strong, most strong, strongest
ALL COMPARATIVES WORK LIKE 3 RD DECL. ADJECTIVES., AND ALL SUPERLATIVES WORK LIKE 2-1-2 ADJECTIVES