Meat and Fast Food Pattern

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Supplemental Table 1. Factor loadings for individual food groups according to dietary patterns in adults (KNHANES)
Traditional dietary pattern / Meat and fast food pattern
Food groups / female / male / female / male
Persimmon, strawberry, grape, and banana / 0.65 / 0.61 / 0.04 / 0.10
Yellow vegetables (carrot, pumpkin, tomato) / 0.60 / 0.56 / 0.06 / 0.14
Apple, pear, peach / 0.60 / 0.60 / -0.04 / 0.02
Melons (muskmelon, watermelon) / 0.54 / 0.55 / 0.01 / 0.04
Mushroom / 0.54 / 0.48 / 0.04 / 0.12
Blue fish (mackerel, tuna, anchovy) / 0.53 / 0.53 / 0.00 / 0.11
Green vegetables (radish leaves, spinach, cucumber, hot pepper) / 0.53 / 0.56 / -0.02 / 0.05
Orange, tangerine / 0.52 / 0.45 / 0.21 / 0.29
Seaweed, lavers / 0.52 / 0.46 / 0.09 / 0.13
White fish (pollock, croaker) / 0.47 / 0.47 / -0.02 / 0.08
Potato (potato, sweet potato) / 0.46 / 0.42 / 0.17 / 0.25
White vegetables (cabbage, Chinese cabbage, bean sprout, radish) / 0.43 / 0.46 / -0.21 / -0.19
Shellfish, squid / 0.41 / 0.39 / 0.21 / 0.32
Legumes (bean, bean curd) / 0.38 / 0.41 / -0.33 / -0.27
Egg / 0.38 / 0.29 / 0.29 / 0.35
Milk / 0.32 / 0.21 / 0.15 / 0.32
Cereal excluding rice / 0.30 / 0.33 / -0.39 / -0.39
Rice / 0.17 / 0.26 / -0.45 / -0.45
Hamburger, pizza / 0.05 / -0.01 / 0.64 / 0.62
Processed meat / 0.07 / 0.09 / 0.61 / 0.63
Fried food / 0.07 / 0.05 / 0.56 / 0.56
Chicken / 0.30 / 0.23 / 0.55 / 0.50
Cookies / 0.07 / 0.05 / 0.50 / 0.40
Soda / -0.05 / -0.03 / 0.50 / 0.54
Ice cream / 0.13 / 0.13 / 0.46 / 0.41
Instant noodles / -0.07 / -0.12 / 0.46 / 0.43
Pork / 0.27 / 0.22 / 0.45 / 0.48
Bread / 0.17 / 0.05 / 0.44 / 0.38
Beef / 0.37 / 0.31 / 0.39 / 0.49
Fish paste / 0.30 / 0.16 / 0.37 / 0.47
Noodles / 0.11 / 0.05 / 0.34 / 0.24
Rice cake / 0.21 / 0.15 / 0.28 / 0.28
Yoghurt / 0.29 / 0.27 / 0.20 / 0.22
Soymilk / 0.18 / 0.12 / 0.10 / 0.13
Alcohol / 0.03 / 0.08 / 0.29 / 0.08
Salt fish / 0.19 / 0.23 / 0.06 / 0.06
Green tea / 0.18 / 0.19 / 0.08 / 0.03
Coffee / 0.02 / 0.03 / 0.12 / 0.00
1. Values are factor loadings for individual food groups
Online Supporting Material
Supplemental Table 2. Factor loadings for individual food groups according to energy adjusted dietary patterns in adults (KNHANES)
Traditional dietary pattern / Meat and fast food pattern
Food groups / females / males / females / males
Persimmon, strawberry, grape, and banana / 0.66 / 0.59 / 0.17 / 0.21
Yellow vegetables (carrot, pumpkin, tomato) / 0.64 / 0.56 / 0.17 / 0.21
Apple, pear, peach / 0.63 / 0.55 / 0.08 / 0.11
Melons (muskmelon, watermelon) / 0.56 / 0.50 / 0.13 / 0.13
Mushrooms / 0.58 / 0.51 / 0.14 / 0.18
Blue fish (mackerel, tuna, anchovy) / 0.57 / 0.57 / 0.13 / 0.22
Green vegetables (radish leaves, spinach, cucumber, hot pepper) / 0.63 / 0.61 / 0.11 / 0.15
Orange, tangerine / 0.55 / 0.43 / 0.30 / 0.36
Seaweed, lavers / 0.57 / 0.55 / 0.21 / 0.21
White fish (pollock, croaker) / 0.52 / 0.49 / 0.08 / 0.16
Potato (potato, sweet potato) / 0.45 / 0.42 / 0.31 / 0.30
White vegetables (cabbage, Chinese cabbage, bean sprout, radish) / 0.69 / 0.68 / 0.05 / 0.03
Shellfish, squid / 0.44 / 0.38 / 0.30 / 0.39
Legumes (bean, bean curd) / 0.55 / 0.58 / -0.18 / -0.14
Egg / 0.40 / 0.33 / 0.39 / 0.43
Milk / 0.36 / 0.26 / 0.24 / 0.35
Cereal excluding rice / 0.56 / 0.56 / -0.20 / -0.22
Rice / 0.64 / 0.66 / -0.03 / 0.01
Hamburger, pizza / -0.02 / -0.03 / 0.65 / 0.64
Processed meat / 0.02 / 0.03 / 0.63 / 0.62
Fried food / 0.02 / 0.07 / 0.58 / 0.62
Chicken / 0.25 / 0.24 / 0.62 / 0.53
Cookies / -0.02 / 0.02 / 0.52 / 0.45
Soda / -0.04 / -0.01 / 0.50 / 0.59
Ice cream / 0.08 / 0.12 / 0.51 / 0.44
Instant noodles / 0.02 / 0.06 / 0.49 / 0.44
Pork / 0.29 / 0.25 / 0.53 / 0.50
Bread / 0.14 / 0.04 / 0.47 / 0.44
Beef / 0.29 / 0.26 / 0.46 / 0.56
Fish paste / 0.30 / 0.16 / 0.42 / 0.50
Noodles / 0.14 / 0.17 / 0.34 / 0.27
Rice cake / 0.20 / 0.16 / 0.33 / 0.34
Yoghurt / 0.28 / 0.25 / 0.28 / 0.26
Soymilk / 0.15 / 0.16 / 0.14 / 0.12
Alcohol / 0.13 / 0.21 / 0.29 / 0.12
Salt fish / 0.20 / 0.23 / 0.10 / 0.10
Green tea / 0.25 / 0.25 / 0.11 / 0.07
Coffee / 0.25 / 0.26 / 0.15 / 0.05
1. Values are factor loadings for individual food groups
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Supplemental Table 3. The association between instant noodle and metabolic syndrome in each gender in adults (KNHANES) - subgroup analysis according to BMI, physical activity and age
Instant noodle
intake ≥2/wk / OR/ (time·wk) / p trend / *p Interaction
sex x instant noodle intake / p Interaction
subgroup x
instant noodle intake
BMI, kg/m2
<23.4 kg/m2 / M / 0.98 (0.23-3.24 ) / 0.91 (0.51-1.63) / 0.75 / 0.02 / †0.33
F / 5.22 (1.62-16.78 ) / 1.91 (1.17-3.13) / <0.01 / ‡0.48
≥23.4 kg/m2 / M / 0.90 (0.55-1.48 ) / 0.97 (0.80-1.16) / 0.72 / 0.09
F / 1.47 (0.94-2.29 ) / 1.20 (1.00-1.44) / 0.06
Physical activity, Met-hours/wk
<23.8 Met
-hours/wk / M / 0.86 (0.46-1.61 ) / 1.13 (0.88-1.45) / 0.35 / 0.74 / †0.09
F / 1.35 (0.75-2.44 ) / 1.17 (0.93-1.48) / 0.18 / ‡0.44
≥23.8 Met
-hours/wk / M / 0.94 (0.48-1.83 ) / 0.84 (0.66-1.08) / 0.18 / 0.01
F / 1.88 (1.00-3.56 ) / 1.33 (1.02-1.74) / 0.04
Age, years
<40 years / M / 0.77 (0.26-2.27) / 0.86 (0.61-1.20) / 0.36 / 0.02 / †0.13
F / 2.81 (0.95-8.29) / 1.39 (1.04-1.86) / 0.03 / ‡0.43
≥40 years / M / 1.05 (0.62-1.78) / 1.03 (0.82-1.28) / 0.83 / 0.39
F / 1.46 (0.92-2.34) / 1.19 (0.95-1.49) / 0.12
1. In all analysis, PROC SURVEYLOGISTIC was used. 2. Covariates adjusted include age, house hold income, education, smoking, alcohol, total energy intake, survey year, physical activity, BMI, dietary pattern quintiles. 3. OR: Odds Ratio. 4.
*interaction between gender and instant noodle in each subgroup of BMI, physical activity, age. 5. †interaction between subgroup (BMI, physical activity, age) and instant noodle in males 6. ‡ interaction between subgroup (BMI, physical activity,
age) and instant noodle in females. 7. OR/ (time·wk): odds ratio for metabolic syndrome per 1 time/wk increase in instant
noodle intake 8. ≥2/wk:: odds ratio for metabolic syndrome in frequent instant noodle consumer (≥2/wk ) compared with
participants who rarely consume instant noodles (<1/mo) 9. Type I error rate was fixed at 0.05 (2-tailed) 10. Values are odds
ratio (95% Confidence interval)

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Supplemental Figure 1. Flow diagram of inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria in adults (KNHANES)