AP European History
September 11-15 2017
MONDAY (submit doc set if you did not finish on Friday)
· History bingo for extra credit points for the next unit test
Materials Strategy/Format
Bingo Questions Review Activity
Student skills
Evaluation Context Synthesis
Instructions
· So, today I thought that we might break from our standard pattern of lecture/discussion and do a little review game called History Bingo. Here is how the game works:
1. I have pre-written about a hundred questions in no particular order. These questions cover parts of the summer work up to the decline of Spanish Power. These range from relatively simple to much more detailed.
2. I will follow the grade book and call on you alphabetically. You will call out a number and that is your question. If you get the question correct then you get the point. It's that simple. However, let's say you miss the question. That means it is still open for someone else to call and perhaps they get the point.
3. You have about 10 seconds to answer the question and I will repeat only once.
4. Now, let's say you call out a question and it has already been successfully answered. Then, you lose your turn until the next round. I suggest that you keep out a scrap sheet of paper so that you may tracked exhausted questions and ones that you might know.
5. No notes, book, or electronic devices may be used. Doing so forfeits all of your points.
Homework
Complete the following using your textbook
Mapping the Past 14.2 answer the two questions p 436
Primary sources 14.1 Questions 1,2 p. 437
Primary sources14.3 Questions 1,2 p. 442
Primary Source 14.4 Questions 1,2 p. 444
Primary Source 14.5 Questions 1,2 p447
Living in the Past pp: 450 - 451 Questions 1-3
These are due on Wednesday September 13
TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY
· Examine the patterns of settlement of Dutch French and English in the late 16th-early 17th century (INT-1,3,4,5)(SP-2,3)(PP-1)
Materials Strategy/Format
PPT Lecture-discussion
Student Skills
Synthesis
Context
Comparison
Causation
CCOT
Introduction
· Clearly the later part of the 16th century kick started a wave of exploration of the maritime powers. The news of Spanish and Portuguese success in the New World (and in India at Goa for the Portuguese) generated a wave of exploration and colonization. However, the Dutch, French and English approached colonization in ways very different from the originators. The three subjects of our discussion generally did not brutalize the native populations (at first) nor were they in headlong flight looking for gold. The new wave was inspired by the mercantilist system and its drive for raw materials.
· By the time that the French, Dutch, and English began serious colonization efforts, the mercantile system had evolved. All three experimented with the concept of the joint stock company
· In the early 17th-century the three major maritime powers, joint stock companies were the forerunner to the modern business structure of a corporation. In many cases, these companies were chartered by the Crown of England and France for undertaking high-risk endeavors that would return a profit. Capital was raised through the investment of wealthy individuals who would share in the profits with liability limited to the amount of their initial investment. In American history, the Virginia Company of London is the most familiar joint stock company. However, for the Dutch there was no royal control and wealthy middle class investors enticed their countrymen and others to invest in the companies. The Dutch East India and Dutch West India Company truly parleyed investments into the first multi-national corporations.
The French Look West (Canada and North America)
· The 270-year presence of the French in continental North America began with the landing of Jacques Cartier along the St. Lawrence River in 1534. It ended in 1803 with the selling of the Louisiana Territory to America. In between there was fur trading, and Jesuit missionary/adventurers, and Indian wars.
· The settlement patterns of New France, as the French holdings were called, were dominated by water. Hundreds of trading settlements were scattered along rivers and lakes throughout the northern reaches of North America. Actual French settlement was affected by development of fur trading rather than agriculture as the primary purpose of settlement. The fact that the fur trade was also called the "Indian trade" gives some indication about the importance of maintaining hunting grounds for Native Americans, unlike the pattern which emerged in English and Spanish areas of settlement, where Native Americans were either displaced to make way for farms or utilized for forced labor.
· Not surprisingly, Fur trading depended upon cooperation with the Native Americans (known as First Nations in Canada), and the maintenance of habitat for the animals whose pelts were most valued: the beaver, whose hair was used to make durable felt for hats and other pieces of apparel. Therefore, much of the French domain in North America, particularly near the Great Lakes and throughout the watershed of the Mississippi River contained only scattered small villages, at best, usually along waterways to facilitate the shipping of furs out of the continental interior toward European markets. Some sizable French settlements in North America included Quebec, Montreal, St. Louis, and, eventually, New Orleans.
· Quebec’s founding in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain initiated the largest and one of the most successful of French settlements in the area now known as Canada. Champlain realized the importance of good relations with the indigenous people of the area, and encouraged young Frenchmen, known as coureurs de bois, to live among the Indians and learn their ways. Champlain also facilitated good relations with the Huron and Algonquian Indians, and in doing so, the French took the Hurons’ side in their struggles against the Iroquois Confederacy. This will be the shape of the future because in the 18th century Anglo-French frontier wars will erupt (The French and Indian War 1752 - 1763).
· The Role of Religion in French settlements was like the Spanish because Jesuits were also at work Christianizing natives. However, much to their surprise some tribes had already started converting because of trade relationships. Except for an abortive attempt to establish a settlement for French Huguenots at Fort Caroline, Florida (currently Jacksonville) that lasted less than a year before being destroyed by the neighboring Spanish, French settlers were Roman Catholic, as demanded by royal advisor Cardinal Richelieu.
The French (and everyone else) look to India
· As you already know, the spice trade is what initially drove the Age of Exploration. So it's no surprise that the French eventually established a toe-hold there in the latter part of the 17th century. The main holding was known as Pondicherry, a place that still shares an interesting French culture to this very day. Here is an article if you are interested.
mailto:https://www.zoompondy.com/pondicherry/
· The Seven Years War will be a major turning point for India as they will generally lose most of their control there to the British.
The French In Africa
· Beginning in the latter part of the sixteenth century and continuing up to the middle of the nineteenth century the trans- Atlantic trade in slaves expanded tremendously in West Africa. The European powers began to enhance their links with African slave traders and by the eighteenth century slaves were an important element in the trade conducted by Europeans in West Africa. The slaves were destined primarily for emerging New World plantation economies. Rivalry and warfare between pre-colonial states, the expansion of the Islamic jihads (holy wars) in West Africa and the growing Atlantic/New World demand for labor all contributed to an environment in which the capture, consolidation and transfer of African peoples became a dominant economic activity for Europeans (the Portuguese were eventually supplanted by the Dutch who were in turn supplanted by the British and French) and some segments of the African population in West Africa who were involved in the capture and transport of captives to the markets.
· Although the French had established a trade port on the West African coast as early as 1659 at St. Louis (present day Senegal), their participation in West Africa did not increase substantially until later in the nineteenth century. Their participation in the trans-Atlantic slave trade was always less significant than their European counterparts, especially the Portuguese, Dutch and British.
The Dutch Republic (The Golden Age of Dutch Power)
· Because of its unique position within the Habsburg Empire the Dutch were already an economic powerhouse before their complete independence. However, after 1648 Dutch power skyrocketed.
· The Republic was truly unique in Europe because in the 17-18th century there was no monarchy. It was a Federation similar to Switzerland loosely governed by the stadholder, an elected position. The Dutch middle class was the most powerful in Europe and, by the middle of the 17th century. Nowhere in Europe was the standard of living so high, the economy so well planned, and the populace so educated. Even women could own property in their own name!
· One of the cornerstones of Dutch wealth was the unique tulip trade, a flower coveted by royalty across the continent. True wealth lay in what was called the "carrying trade," or third-party shipping. The Dutch were able to feed themselves because of trade with grain-rich areas in eastern Europe and wisely created a form of "welfare" storing grain in state-run silos for hard times. The Dutch gilder, a gold backed currency traded similarly to the U.S. dollar as an international benchmark currency.
The Dutch Look West
· In the upper reaches of the Hudson Valley around Fort Orange, (present-day Albany) where the needs of the profitable fur trade required a careful policy of appeasement with the Iroquois Confederacy, the Dutch authorities maintained peace, but corruption and lax trading policies plagued the area. In the lower Hudson Valley, where more colonists were setting up small farms, Native Americans came to be viewed as obstacles to European settlement. In the 1630s and early 1640s, the Dutch Director Generals carried on a brutal series of campaigns against the area's Native Americans, largely succeeding in crushing the strength of the "River Indians," but also managing to create a bitter atmosphere of tension and suspicion between European settlers and Native Americans. Much of the change of po0licy related to the decision to embark upon cash crop cultivation.
· Although the Netherlands only controlled the Hudson River Valley from 1609 until 1664, in that short time, Dutch entrepreneurs established New Netherland, a series of trading posts, towns, and forts up and down the Hudson River that laid the groundwork for towns that still exist today. Fort Orange the northernmost of the Dutch outposts, is known today as Albany; New York City's original name was New Amsterdam. By 1664 the Dutch colony would fall to an English invasion led by the Duke of York (The future King James II).
The Dutch in the Far East (Indonesia)
· During the 18th century the Dutch United East India Company had established itself as the dominating economic and political power on Java after the crumbling and collapse of the Mataram empire. This Dutch trading company had been a major power in Asian trade since the early 1600s, but started to develop an interest to interfere in indigenous politics on the island of Java in the 18th century as that would improve their hold on the local economy. However, similarly to the situation in North America fierce competition from the English East India Company resulted in the slow demise of the Dutch Company towards the end of the 18th century. In 1796, the Dutch United East India Company went bankrupt and was nationalized by the Dutch state.
The English Make Their Appearance
· As we discussed in class, the English colonial efforts were slower to start partially because of the tumultuous reign of the Tudors. However, Elizabeth I was convinced to launch colonial efforts by Sir Walter Raleigh (who later named the English claim “Virgina”). The first attempt, Roanoke was a complete failure with all the settlers disappeared.
· The true beginning of exploration for the English started with Stuart king James I. He granted royal charters giving the right to control an area extending 50 miles north, 50 miles south, and 100 miles west of the settlement on the east coast of America. The second charter in 1609 granted the Virginia Company an “able and absolute governor” and extended the boundaries of Virginia from those set in the 1606 charter. In 1612, a third charter incorporated Bermuda and established lotteries for the purpose of raising funds. A new set of instructions was written by officials of the Virginia Company in 1618. Commonly called the “Great Charter,” these instructions created a council of state, whose members were chosen by the Virginia Company, to assist the governor in his duties, and a “generall Assemblie” that included the council and two “burgesses” from every town, hundred, and plantation, “chosen by the [free] inhabitants.” Thus, began the first representative government in the European colonies. This was an important decision because it created the first concept of self-rule within the British Empire.
· Tensions between “Puritans” and the English crown began to escalate almost immediately leading to a further wave of colonization in Massachusetts (Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay). We will go into the tensions more as we examine the Stuart Dynasty in a later unit. The largest wave of colonial building in North America will come during the reign of King Charles II who rewarded support for the crown with land grants that came to be known as Proprietary or “Restoration Colonies.” These grants resulted in most of the Original 13 colonies outside of New England.
Conclusion
As the English were only just beginning their colonial efforts we will pick them up more later on in the 18th century as British power makes a meteoric rise following the mid-century Seven Years War.
Homework
TUESDAY (Complete the Doc Questions listed under Monday assignments)
WEDNESDAY (Study for SA format quiz on Thursday)
THURSDAY
· Quiz on the Age of Exploration and decline of Spanish Power
Materials Strategy/Format
Quiz form Assessment and Review (W.CCR.1)
Instructions
· Today we will complete a review quiz of the Age of Exploration. This will also include the rise and decline of Spanish power in the 16th century. The format of the quiz will once again involve “the boxes” to practice the for the Short Answer Section of the AP exam. As you know, this means that you’ll have multiple part questions. This will cover all class and web-notes since the last unit test. This will also come from Textbook Chapter 14 pp: 426 – 456 (Does Not include the section about Changing Beliefs and Attitudes at the end of the Chapter.