F-CDM-SSC-NM ver01
Name of person/entity submitting this form:Title of the proposed small scale methodology: / Low GHG production of charcoal
Please suggest type to which the new proposed methodology (category) belongs to: / Type I Renewable energy projects
Type II Energy efficiency improvements
Type III Other project activities
Information for completing the form
For proposing a new small scale methodology all sections below should be completed. Approved small scale methodologies shall be used as a reference for language and structure used. If necessary, attach files or refer to sources of relevant information.
1. Technology/measure: please specify and provide reference to the exact technology/measure the proposed small scale methodology is applicable to and describe in detail the applicability conditions of the proposed methodology.
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The methodology is applicable under the following conditions:
· The project is the installation and operation of new low GHG charcoal production kilns.
· All kilns installed offer a year-round average gravimetric yield (quantity of charcoal per amount of dry wood used) of at least 30%.
· This methodology is not applicable for the production of charcoal products derived from biowastes.
· The total emissions reductions must be less than 60,000 tCO2/yr;
· The project does not supply charcoal to large scale users such as industrial facilities;
· The project supplies charcoal to one or more identified areas in which charcoal is consumed as fuel for households, small and medium businesses and cottage industries. The charcoal is not supplied to large scale industries.
· The project is able to demonstrate that it does not accelerate the depletion of biomass stocks. This can be demonstrated by:
o The retirement of traditional charcoal making activities on the community level – with the inclusion of workers previously employed in the traditional charcoal production
o The distribution of efficient cookstoves
o An afforestation which provides on average a mean annual increment in biomass equal to the depletion by the project.
o The implementation of a project for the production and use of alternative to wood-based charcoal (e.g. bio-waste based charcoal, introduction of jatropha oil as cooking fuel, etc.)
o Any combination of the above
2. Boundary: please specify the project boundary of the proposed methodology.
Emission sources
For the project activity, participants should account for the following elements:
- Emissions from the use of non-renewable biomass
- Emissions from the pyrolysis gases
- Emissions from the use of electricity
Spatial boundary
The spatial extent of the project boundary encompasses all charcoal production facilities included in the project. This includes among others the carbonization units included in the project as well as areas for storage, processing, bagging and weighting of inputs (wood mix) and outputs (charcoal).
3. Baseline: please specify the baseline scenario and the way baseline emissions are calculated.
Step 1: define the pool of charcoal users supplied
(a) Identify the location of project charcoal kilns and associated areas of wood supply
(b) Indentify the pool(s) of charcoal consumers (this pool of charcoal consumer has to remain the same ion the baseline and the project). Pools of charcoal consumers can among others be cities and densely populated areas with an established charcoal market
Step 2: standard combined baseline and additionality test
Only the following baseline is applicable under this methodology:
CC1: The baseline scenario is the production of charcoal from the informal charcoal sector
The validity of baseline CC1 can be demonstrated using option 1, 2, or 3. The overall procedure is illustrated in figure 1:
Figure 1: Baseline applicability procedure
Option 1: baseline applicability based on socio-economic factors
The baseline CC1 is deemed applicable if either one of the following conditions is fulfilled:
(i) The project is located in an LDC as defined by the UN; As of 2011, the following countries are considered LDCs[1]:
a. Africa: Angola; Benin; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Djibouti; Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gambia; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Lesotho; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Niger; Rwanda; São Tomé and Príncipe; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Somalia; Sudan; Togo; Uganda United Republic of Tanzania; Zambia;
b. Asia: Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; Kiribati; Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Myanmar; Nepal; Samoa; Solomon Islands; Timor-Leste; Tuvalu; Vanuatu; Yemen
c. Latin America and the Caribbean: Haiti
(ii) The project is located in a Low Income Country (LIC) as defined by the UN and over 90% of the total charcoal production is from the informal charcoal sector (NB: charcoal production systems from efforts supported by NGOs, multilateral organization, ODA, the CDM or other forms of carbon finance can be ignored).
(iii) The project is located in a special underdeveloped zone (SUZ) of the host country identified by the Government before 28 May 2010;
(iv) The project located is located in an area[2] with observed poverty defined as an average of less than $2 per capita per day[3].
Option 2: deemed baseline applicability for listed countries
The project is located to a country where the baseline is deemed applicable as listed in the Annex 2 of this methodology.
Option 3: baseline applicability based on non-enforcement of laws protecting forests
For low income countries and lower middle income countries baseline applicability can be demonstrated based on sub-step 1b and sub-step 2b of the “Tool for the demonstration and assessment of additionality”.
Table 3: Step of the tool and corresponding test for option 3: baseline applicability based on non-enforcement of laws protecting forests.
Step of the tool / Step 1: Identification of alternatives to the project activity consistent with current laws and regulation:
If an alternative does not comply with all mandatory applicable legislation and regulations, then show that, based on an examination of current practice in the country or region in which the law or regulation applies, those applicable legal or regulatory requirements are systematically not enforced and that noncompliance with those requirements is widespread in the country. If this cannot be shown, then eliminate the alternative from further consideration;
Corresponding test / Establish that at least 50% of the charcoal produced in the country or region, with the exclusion of supported efforts[4] is from illegal wood harvests or illegal charcoal making. This can be established through a local survey, from existing literature, maps or statement by the country DNA
Step of the tool / Sub-step 2b: Option I. Apply simple cost analysis.
Document the costs associated with the CDM project activity and the alternatives identified in Step 1 and demonstrate that there is at least one alternative which is less costly than the project activity.
Corresponding test / Establish that the proposed production chain for charcoal products would require an investment of more than $9 per tonne of charcoal product per year.
Outcome according to the tool / Outcome of Step 2: If after the sensitivity analysis it is concluded that: (1) the proposed CDM project activity is unlikely to be the most financially/ economically attractive (as per Step 2c para 11a) or is unlikely to be financially/economically attractive (as per Step 2c para 11b), then proceed to Step 4 (Common practice analysis).
Outcome in the methodology / The project is additional.
Step 3: calculation of baseline emissions
Baseline emissions consist of:
(a) CO2 and CO emissions[5] from the partial combustion of biomass in the pyrolysis process. Such emissions are only taken into account for the share of baseline biomass which is estimated to be of non-renewable origin.
(b) Emissions of CH4 from the pyrolysis gases associated with the traditional charcoal making process.
Baseline emissions are calculated as follows:
(1)
Where:
BEy / = / Baseline emissions in year y (tCO2e/yr)
QCCP,i,y / = / Produced quantity of charcoal product i in year y (tCO2e/yr)
CFNCV,i,y / = / Correction factor for the project to baseline net calorific value of charcoal product i in year y (-)
fNRB,BL,wood,y / = / Fraction of woody biomass used in the absence of the project activity in year y that can be established as non-renewable biomass using survey methods (tCO2/yr)
KCO2 / = / Emission factor for CO2 emissions as found in the consolidated GHG database for the informal charcoal sector (tCO2e/t standard charcoal)
KCH4 / = / Emission factor for methane emissions as found in the consolidated GHG database for the informal charcoal sector (tCO2e/t standard charcoal)
GWPCH4,y / = / Latest IPCC global warming potential of methane (tCO2e/tCH4)
The following defaults factors can be used:
Table 2: Baseline calculation default factors
Variable / Default factor / Unit / Applicability condition
CFNCV,i,,y / 1 / - / (i) Yearly random sampling of charcoal show the average carbon content in project charcoal to be higher than the average value found in the consolidated GHG database for the informal charcoal sector, or
(ii) Combination of biomass feedstock and technology leading to demonstrated carbon content in charcoal higher than the average value found in the consolidated GHG database for the informal charcoal sector.
KCO2 / value found in the consolidated GHG database for the informal charcoal sector. / kg CO2 / kg charcoal / none
KCH4 / value found in the consolidated GHG database for the informal charcoal sector. / kg CO2e from methane / kg charcoal / none
The correction factor for the project to baseline heat content of charcoals CFNCV,y can be determined on the basis of annex 3:
4. Leakage: please specify if leakage emissions can occur and how they should be calculated.
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Under this methodology, for all kilns with a power consumption, corresponding leakages should be taken into account: this can be done either from the metered power consumption or by applying a default emission factor:
Option 1: calculation of LEEC,k,y from the metered year-round power consumption
(2)
Where:
LEtransp,y / = / Leakage emissions from electricity consumption at the carbonization unit k in year y
ECk,y / = / Net consumption of power from the grid or from diesel generator for the charcoal production facility k in year y
Option 2: calculation of LEEC,k,y from the metered year-round power consumption
(3)
LEtransp,y / = / Leakage emissions from electricity consumption at the carbonization unit k in year y
ECk,y / = / Net consumption of power from the grid or from diesel generator for the charcoal production facility k in year y
5. Project activity emissions: please specify possible project activity emissions and how they should be calculated.
Project emissions are calculated as the sum of the following three components:
(a) CO2 and CO emissions from the partial combustion of biomass in the pyrolysis process. Such emissions are only taken into account for the share of baseline biomass which is estimated to be of non-renewable origin.
(b) Emissions of CH4 from the pyrolysis gases associated with project charcoal making process.
Step 2: determination of the project emission factor for CO2 and CO emissions in the pyrolysis gases:
The emission factor for the CO2 and CO gases resulting from the pyrolysis of the biomass are calculated according as follows:
(4)
Where:
PEy / = / Project emissions from the production of charcoal in year y (tCO2e/kg charcoal)
QCCP,i,y / = / Produced quantity of charcoal product i in year y (tCO2e/yr)
fNRB,PJ,i,k,y / = / Fraction of biomass of type j used in the project in the charcoal kiln k in year y that can be established as non-renewable biomass using survey methods (-)
YieldPJ,i,k,y / = / Charcoal yield from biomass j used in the charcoal kiln k in the project in year y (kg charcoal/kg dry wood)
CCi / = / Average carbon content in the biomass j used in the project (kg carbon/kg dry biomass)
EFCH4,PJ,j,k / = / Methane emission factor from the pyrolysis of the biomass type j in the charcoal kiln type k
Where YieldBL is estimated in accordance with the procedure in Annex 2
For the calculation, the following emission factors can be used:
Table 4: Default factors for the calculation of project emissions
Variable / Default factor / Unit / Applicability condition
fNRB,PJ,i,k,y / 0 / - / Only if the wood is from a newly established dedicated plantation
CCi / 0.45 / kg carbon/kg wood / The wood used is a mixture of wood from local forest
EFCH4,y / 0.9 x KCH4 / g CH4/t charcoal / If the methane stream is used for a power generation purpose
If the technology used is a retort kiln in which the methane stream is re-used in the charcoal production process.
KCH4
(value found in the consolidated GHG database for the informal charcoal sector) / g CH4/t charcoal / none
6. Monitoring: Please specify which parameters should be monitored and how they should be monitored.
The monitoring requirements of this methodology are set in accordance with a reasonable compromise between accuracy and monitoring cost. For this reason, the requirements depend on the size of the charcoal producing facility.
Table 5. Parameters monitored
Para-meter / Description / Unit / Monitoring/recording Frequency / Measurement Methods and Procedures
QCCP,i,y / Produced quantity of charcoal product i in year y (tCO2e/yr) / Tonnes / Continuous monitoring with monthly recording / a) Direct measurement (e.g. use of a scale) of the weight of charcoal products supplied, or
b) Calculation of the total weight of charcoal supplied from the number of bags shipped and the average weight of charcoal product per bag.
CFNCV,i,y / Carbon content of project charcoal in year y / (%mass) / See detail in Annex 3 / Use of procedures listed in Annex 3
In cases where mixed forest wood are used, the measured value should be updated at least every two years / Sampling of charcoal pieces randomly taken from charcoal bags over the monitoring interval from several representative carbonization campaign from a representative sample of carbonization and adjusted on the basis of 5% moisture content in charcoals.
fNRB,BL,wood,y / Fraction of non-renewable biomass / % / Either (i) updated every two year or (ii) fixed ex-ante at the beginning of each crediting period / Determination in accordance with Annex 1 of this methodology
ECk,y / Electricity consumption for the charcoal production facility k in the year y / MWh / Continuously; hourly measurement and at least monthly recording / Measurements are undertaken using electricity meters.
In case of identical charcoal making kilns, the electricity consumption can be extrapolated from the specific electricity consumption from at least 15% of the production sites.
EFCH4,PJ,y,k / Methane emission factor from the pyrolysis of the biomass type j in the charcoal kiln type k / t CH4 / tcharcoal / Continuous monitoring, hourly measurement and at least monthly recording. / Direct metering of all charcoal kilns
Continuous monitoring, hourly measurement and at least monthly recording. / Direct metering of a sample of charcoal production kiln and interpolation to identical kilns
7. Project activity under a programme of activities: if the proposed methodology is also intended for application to a project activity under a programme of activities (CPA of PoA) guidance on consideration of leakage when applying to the CPA of PoA shall be provided.
In case the project activity is implemented as a programme of activities, the following applies:
- The fraction of non-renewable biomass has to be determined for each defined geographic area (e.g. country) in which a CPA is implemented.
- The demonstration that the project does not accelerate the depletion of biomass stocks using Annex 2 can be performed for a group of CPA with a defined cumulated production capacity in a determined country or geographic area. The test of the compliance with this applicability condition does not need to be repeated for each CPA. For example, measures reducing the charcoal production by 20’000 tonnes per year could be found adequate for a total implementation of CPAs in the region which together increase the wood harvest by 20’000/YieldBL≈100’000 tonnes of wood per year.
- Once the compliance with the applicability condition of a minimum year-round average gravimetric yield has been established, this compliance can be extrapolated to similar or identical charcoal kilns operating on a similar input of woody biomass (e.g. same forest wood mix).
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Annex 1