I. Circulatory System- Chapter 16.1
(a.k.a _______________________________)
A. Function is to _________________________, delivers ________________ to cells, and remove ______________.
1. Consists of the ____________, ___________________, and ___________.
B. Heart Structure
1. A human heart has 4 chambers
a. The 2 ___________ are the top chambers and they __________ blood from the body and the lungs.
b. The 2 ___________ are the bottom chambers and they __________ blood to the body and the lungs.
2. ___________ are flaps of tissue between the chambers that prevent the blood from flowing _____________.
a. It is the ______________ and ______________ of the valves that makes the lub-dub noise in the heart.
C. How the heart works
1. When the heart ____________ the atria fill with blood.
2. When the heart _____________ the blood gets pumped forward.
3. The _____________________ fills with _____________________, sends it to the _________________________, which pumps it to the ______________.
4. At the lungs, the blood receives _______________ and gets sent to the _______________________.
5. The left atrium sends the _____________________ to the ____________________, which pumps it to the body and the brain.
D. Blood vessels
1. ______________ thick blood vessels that carry blood __________ from the heart.
2. __________ thinner blood vessels that carry blood _____________ the heart.
3. _______________ are the smallest blood vessels as is where the exchange of gases (________________ and ________________) takes place with the cells.
E. Blood
1. Blood is _____________ tissue that carries oxygen and other substances to the body and lungs.
2. Plasma is the ___________ part of the blood.
a. Contains water, ______________, _______, ____________, and _____________.
b. Floating in the plasma are red and white blood cells and ________________.
F. Contents of Blood
1. Red blood cells transport ___________ to your cells and live only ______ days.
2. White blood cells ______________________ and live for ___________.
3. Platelets are particles that prevent ________________ when you cut or scrape your skin.
II. ______________________________________ system
A. Function
1. Absorb environmental _____________________ and pass them to blood
2. Remove _______________________________ from body
B. Major organs
1. Lungs
2. ____________________
3. ____________________
4. Bronchi
C. Pathway of air
1. Air à nose (cilia to filter out dirt) à ___________________ (back of throat) à trachea ______________________ à __________________________ (two tubes)
2. Bronchus à tiny bronchioles (tubes) à ____________________ (tiny sacs) surrounded by __________________________ doing gas exchange
D. ______________________________
1. Sheet of muscle dividing chest cavity from abdominal cavity
a. moves ____ = ___________
b. moves ____ = ___________
III. Human Reproductive system – Ch 16.2
A. Male reproductive system
1. Function is to produces _________ and transfers it to the female reproductive system.
B. Male structures
1. _____________ produce _________ and the hormone ________________.
2. _____________ are chemicals that regulate body functions.
3. Testosterone increases __________,
__________________, and the growth of body hair.
C. How sperm travels
1. Sperm is produced in the __________________ which are located in the _______________.
2. Sperm moves from the seminiferous tubules to the ______________________ to mature.
3. From the epididymis the sperm travels up a tube called the ___________________.
4. The sperm mixes with fluid from the ____________________ and now the liquid is called ___________.
5. Semen travels down the ____________ and is ejaculated out.
D. Female reproductive system
1. Function is to produce ___________, _________________________, and give _______.
E. Female structures
1. ____________ is the size of an __________ that produces ________ and the hormones, _______________ and __________________
a. The ovaries produce up to _______________ undeveloped eggs by puberty but only ___________are released and make it to the uterus.
F. How an egg travels
1. A mature egg is released from one of the two ovaries which is called ___________.
2. The egg travels down the ________________________, which leads to the uterus.
3. ______________ is the organ where a baby can grow and develop.
4. If the egg does not meet a sperm the unfertilized egg plants itself into the _________________________ and then the egg and lining are ___________ from the female’s body over a period of _____________.
5. This is called the _________________________ or period.
6. If the egg meets a sperm in the fallopian tube then _________________ takes place and now the egg is called a ________________.
7. The zygote takes _____________ to travel down the fallopian tube to the uterus.
8. When the zygote reaches the uterus, it is an ______________ that looks like a tiny ball of cells.
9. The embryo plants itself into the uterus wall, which is called ____________________.
10. This is the start of ______________________.
G. Pregnancy
1. The first sign of pregnancy is when the _______________________________.
2. Birth occurs between ________________________________________.
3. Embryo is called a ________________ at the 8th week.
4. ___________________ is an organ that supplies the baby with ____________ and _________________ from the mother’s blood.
5. ________________________ connects the baby to the ________________ and contains _______________ and _____________ that nourish the baby.
H. Birth
1. When fetus is developed contractions occur which is called _______________.
2. The baby is pushed ________________ through the vaginal canal.
IV. Integumentary system
A. Function
1. ___________________________________ environment
2. Blocks moisture + invaders like _______________________
3. Regulates _____________________________________
4. Senses ________________________ through touch and pressure using nerve endings
B. Structures
1. ____________________________ - thin, outer layer ________________________
2. Dermis - layer made of ___________________________________ + protein fibers
3. Subcutaneous fat layer - ________________________________
4. ____________ – salty fluid that evaporates to ______________________________
C. Other
1. ___________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________
V. Endocrine system
A. Function
1. Produce ______________________ + release them into _____________________
2. _______________________________________ such as cell processes, reproduction + stress response
B. Structures
1. ___________________________ – “master gland”
a. Controls release of other hormones
2. ______________ glands – epinephrine
3. Pancreas - ________________________
4. Other glands
C. Feedback control systems
1. Turns glands _______________________________________
2. Like a thermostat with _________________________
a. Too low à ____________________
b. Too high à ____________________
c. Can break
VI. Digestive system
A. Function
1. Takes in + _________________________________
2. Eliminates _________________________________
B. Structures
1. Esophagus
2. _______________________
3. Small ____________________
4. Large _________________________
C. Digestive pathway
1. Mouth
a. _________________________________
b. _________________________________ breaks down food
2. _________________________________________ -muscular tube to stomach
3. Stomach – _________________________________________ breaks down food
4. ________________________________ - long, twisted, _____________ liquid food
5. _________________________________ - ______________ what's left
6. Waste à __________________________________________________
VII. Excretory system
A. Function
1. ______________________________________ wastes
a. Water, carbon dioxide, salts, + ________________________
B. Structure
1. _________________________
2. Liver
3. Lungs
4. ___________________________
5. _________________________________________________________________
VIII. Skeletal System – Ch 17
A. Functions of skeletal system
1. Bones protect _____________ such as the _________, __________, and ___________
2. Bones give your body __________ and ___________
3. Bones along with _____________ allow you to __________
4. Long bones (like ___________) produce ____________________
5. Bones store ______________ such as ____________ and _______________
B. Common and scientific names for bones
1. Vertebrae - _________
2. ___________ - collar bone
3. ___________- funny bone
4. Tibia - _______
5. ___________ - knee cap
C. Two divisions of skeleton
1. All your bones are placed into 2 categories:
a. _________ skeleton supports and protects many organs and consists of ________, _____________, _______, and _____________
b. ______________ skeleton all the other bones including arm and leg bones, _____________, ____________ and ____________
D. What structures make up bone?
1. _________________- tissue that contains blood vessels and is the outer most layer of the bone
2. _________________- hard part of bone that provides _____________ and ___________
a. Contains canals that allow _______________________ to run through it
3. _________________- contains open spaces like a sponge
a. Also known as ____________ bone
b. Protects bone marrow by acting like a shock absorber
4. _________________- thick, jelly-like layer
a. ________ marrow produces ________________________
b. ____________ marrow stores ______
E. Joints - _____________________________________________
1. Synovial fluid- ________________________________________
2. Ligament- ______________________________________
3. Tendon- ______________________________
3. Cartilage- ____________________________
F. 4 types of joints
1. ___________- back and forth motion
o (_________ and _________)
2. ______________________- greatest movement in body
o (_______ and _______________)
3. ____________- 2 bones slide next to each other
o (____________ and ___________)
4. ____________- bones fused together
o (_________)
IX. Muscular System – Ch 17
A. Function
1. The function of muscles is to ___________________.
B. Voluntary vs. Involuntary
1. Voluntary muscles ____________________________________
Ex: ___________ are used to lift our arm
2. Involuntary muscles __________________________________
Ex: Our ________________ is a muscle that helps us breath
C. 3 types of muscles
1. ______________
2. ______________
3. ______________
D. Skeletal Muscles
1. Attach to our bones by _____________
2. _______________ muscles
3. _____________________
4. _____________________
5. ____________ with many nuclei
E. Cardiac Muscle
1. ___________ is made of cardiac muscle
2. _______________ muscle
3. _____________________
4. _____________________
5. ____________ with many nuclei
F. Smooth Muscle
1. Makes up organs in our _________________
2. _______________ muscles
3. _____________________
4. _____________________
5. Single nucleus ______________________
G. Other parts
1. Tendon- connects _________ to ____________
2. Ligament- connects _________ to __________
H. Muscle tissue
1. Muscles are made up of thousands of _____________________________.
2. These bundles of fibers are bound together by ________________ tissue.
3. _____________________ and ___________ run through the connective tissue.
I. Movement
1. Muscles need to work in _________.
2. When a muscle is bending part of your body it is called a ____________ muscle.
3. When a muscle is extending a part of your body it is called an ______________ muscle.
Ex: When you are lifting your arm your ___________ is contracting and therefore called the flexor muscle whereas your ___________ is extending and therefore called the extensor.
4. During a muscle contraction the muscle fibers shorten.
5. When the muscle relaxes the fibers return to their original position.
J. Exercise
1. Muscles require movement and exercise to remain strong.
2. ______________________ requires muscles to overcome resistance by lifting weight.
3. ________________________ strengthens the heart and increases the endurance of skeletal muscle.
X. Levers in the Body – Ch 17
A. _____________
1. Hard object that _____________ around a set point
2. __________ machines- unpowered mechanical device that makes work ________
a. Examples: Levers, wheel and axle, ropes and pulleys, gears, and _________
B. ____________
1. __________________________, or any action that has the ability to do work.
2. 2 types of force:
a. ____________ - force applied by a lever (effort)
b. ____________ - force exerted on load
C. _________________ of levers
1. Classified by the ___________ of the input and output forces relative to the fulcrum.
2. ___________ - the fixed point where the lever ________________
D. First-class lever
1. _______________ is located _______________ the input and output force
Ex: _______________ and __________________
E. Second-class lever
1. ______________ force is located _____________ the fulcrum and the input force
Ex: ___________________
F. Third-class lever
1. _______________ force is located _____________ the fulcrum and the output force
Ex: ______________
G. Levers in the Body
1. _________ acts as the lever
2. _________ are the fulcrum
3. _________ supply the force
H. Head and neck
1. __________ -class lever
2. ___________ is the fulcrum
3. Input force supplied by ___________ muscles
4. Output force is __________________
I. Feet
1. _____________-class lever
2. ______________ are the fulcrum
3. Input force is supplied by your _____________ muscles
4. Output force is the __________________ being lifted
J. Arms
1. ___________________-class levers
2. Fulcrum is the _____________
3. Input force is supplied by your ___________
4. Output force is lifting your ______________
K. Mechanical Advantage
1. Ratio of __________ force to _____________ force.
XI. Nervous System – Ch 18
A. Function
1. Nervous system ______________________________.
2. ______________ to information.
3. Maintains __________________ through breathing and heart rate.
B. Divided into two categories
1. Central nervous system includes __________ and _______________________
2. Peripheral nervous system consists of _________ that connect to the central nervous system
C. Brain
1. Controls most of your _____________________________
2. Made of 2 types of matter
a. Gray matter- ________________________________
b. White matter- _______________________________
D. 3 parts of the brain
1. ________________- largest part that controls _______________ movements and the senses
2. ________________- provides feedback on the _____________________________ (like being upside down) and controls balance
3. ________________- part of the brain that controls __________________ actions (ex: Breathing)
E. Spinal cord
1. Thick column of nerve tissue that links your brain to most of your nerves and _____________________.
F. Nerves (neurons)
1. Neurons- __________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
2. Consist of 3 parts:
a. ___________
b. ___________
c. ___________
3. 2 types of neurons
a. _________________________- picks up stimuli from the environment
b. _________________________- sends an impulse to a muscle and the muscle contracts in response
G. How a nerve impulse works
1. A _____________ starts a nerve impulse in the form of _________________.
2. The impulse starts at the ______________ that are attached to the __________________ and travels down the ______________.
3. The impulse reaches the end of the _____________ and continues down to the _______________.
4. The electrical impulse then changes to _________________ in order to move across the gap or ____________________.
5. The neighboring neuron picks up the chemicals and changes it back to an ____________ impulse continuing the process.
H. Withdrawal reflex
1. Withdrawal reflex- ________________ response to an outside stimulus