Latin 1 Grammar CARDS: Oxford, page 3
Person (Personal Endings)Ch. 5 / The person performing the verb as indicated by the ending:
1st Person: “I” (sing.) / “we” (plural)
2nd Person: “you” (sing.) / “you”, “y’all” (pl.)
3rd Person: “he”, “she”, “it” (sing.)/ “they” (pl.)
-ō
Ch. 5 / Translation: “I”
Person: 1st
Number: Singular
-s
Ch. 5 / Translation: “you”
Person: 2nd
Number: Singular
-t
Ch. 2 & 5 / Translation: “he”, “she”, “it”
Person: 3rd
Number: Singular
-mus
Ch. 5 / Translation: “we”
Person: 1st
Number: PLURAL
-tis
Ch. 5 / Translation: “you”, “y’all”
Person: 2nd
Number: PLURAL
-nt
Ch. 5 / Translation: “they”
Person: 3rd
Number: PLURAL
-re
Ch. 5 / Translation: “to (verb)”
Person: none
Number: none
[vocāre = to call, vidēre = to see, currere = to run, dormīre = to sleep]
Tense
Ch. 5 / 1. the “time” of the action (essentially present, past and future)
2. There are 6 tenses in Latin: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect
Present Tense
Ch. 5 / Tense for actions occurring now or currently
What are the 3 ways to translate a verb in the present tense?
Example: ambulant
Ch. 5 / 1. There are 3 ways to translate the Latin present into English:
ambulant = (1) they walk, (2) they are walking, (3) they do walk
2. Note: in the “they are walking” translation, it is incorrect to use “sunt” because helping verbs are not expressed in Latin
1st Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern)
Ch. 5 / Infinitive: -āre
1st Person Singular: -ō / 1st Person Plural: -āmus
2nd Person Singular: -ās / 2nd Person Plural: -ātis
3rd Person Singular: -at / 3rd Person Plural: -ant
Imperative Singular: -ā / Imperative Plural: -āte
2nd Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern)
Ch. 5 / Infinitive: -ēre
1st Person Singular: -eō / 1st Person Plural: -ēmus
2nd Person Singular: -ēs / 2nd Person Plural: -ētis
3rd Person Singular: -et / 3rd Person Plural: -ent
Imperative Singular: -ē / Imperative Plural: -ēte
3rd Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern)
Ch. 5 / Infinitive: -ere
1st Person Singular: -ō / 1st Person Plural: -imus
2nd Person Singular: -is / 2nd Person Plural: -itis
3rd Person Singular: -it / 3rd Person Plural: -unt
Imperative Singular: -e / Imperative Plural: -ite
3rd–iō Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern)
Ch. 5 / Infinitive: -ere (1st part of verb is –iō: example, capiō, capere)
1st Person Singular: -iō* / 1st Person Plural: -imus
2nd Person Singular: -is / 2nd Person Plural: -itis
3rd Person Singular: -it / 3rd Person Plural: -iunt*
Imperative Sing.: -e* / Imperative Plural: -ite
4th Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern)
Ch. 5 / Infinitive: -īre
1st Person Singular: -iō / 1st Person Plural: -īmus
2nd Person Singular: -īs / 2nd Person Plural: -ītis
3rd Person Singular: -it / 3rd Person Plural: -iunt
Imperative Singular: -ī / Imperative Plural: -īte
Conjugation of the irregular verb, sum, esse = “to be” (Present Tense Pattern)
Ch. 5 / Infinitive: esse = to be
1st Per Sing: sum = I am / 1st P Pl: sumus = we are
2nd P. Sing: es = you are / 2nd P Pl: estis = you are
3rd P Sing: est= he/she/it is, there is / 3rd P Pl: sunt = they are
Imperative Singular: es / Imperative Plural: este
Prepositional Phrases
Ch. 5 / o Latin prepositions take either the accusative case or the ablative case.
o Accusative usually shows motion towards
o Ablative has about a dozen uses, and each must be learned as we encounter them
Ablative translations: “with, from, by, in”
Ch. 5, Abl. / o When no preposition helps you translate a noun in the ablative case, try the following options:
o “with, by, from, in”
The Ablative Case – all of the endings
Recite the first 2 declensions out loud!
*to be learned later
Ch. 5 / 1st Decl. / 2nd Decl. / 3rd Decl.* / 4th Decl.* / 5th Decl.*
Abl.
Sing. / -ā / -ō / -e / -ū / -ē
Abl.
Plural / -īs / -īs / -ibus / -ibus / -ēbus
Ablative of
Motion Away From or
Place From Which
Ch. 5, Abl. / o Ideas of Motion Away (Place From Which) are Ablative
o These prepositions of Place From Which are always followed by a noun in the Ablative
ex (ē) = out of, from
ab (ā) = away from; by (a person)
dē = down from, down
Ablative of Place Where
Ch. 5, Abl. / o The noun that indicates location is put into the ablative case – this use is called Place Where
o Prepositions are in & sub :
o in aquā natāmus = We are swimming in the water.
o sub arbore dormīmus = We are sleeping under a tree.
Prepositions that take the Accusative
Ch. 5 / ad = to, towards; at, near
in (+ acc) = into, onto
per = through
trans = across
prope = near
circum = around
(sub, rarely, when it shows motion towards and under)
Prepositions that take the Ablative
Ch. 5, Abl. / in (+ abl.) = in, on
sub = under
cum = with
ex (ē) = out of, from
ab (ā) = away from; by (a person)
dē = down from, down
ex vs. ē
ab vs. ā
Ch. 5, Abl. / o When the next word begins with a consonant, ex becomes ē...Observe: ex aquā, but ē cubiculō
o Likewise, ab becomes ā, when the next word begins with a consonant: ab aquā, but ā cubiculō
Object of Motion Towards (prepositional phrases) – put in the accusative case
Ch. 5 / 1. The noun in a prepositional phrase after an idea of motion towards [into the woods, through the window, to the door]
2. this object uses same endings as direct object (accusative) [-am, -um, -em / -ās, -ōs, -ēs]
3