HOW DO PLANTS FUNCTION ?
Name: __________________________________Date: ________________Period: _____
What is a plant??
ü Multicellular - ______________________________________________
ü _____________ - organized nucleus and all organelles have a membrane
ü Cells are surrounded by a _____________ _____________.
ü Cell wall made of _______________ and with a waxy ________________ coating called a _____________________.
ü Makes ______________ through the process of ______________________.
ü Reproduction strategies: ___________________ or ________________
Two categories of plants
Nonvascular vs. Vascular
ü Nonvascular – do not have ______________ tissue, nutrients travel from one ______ to another
ü Examples: ________________, liverworts
ü Vascular – have tissue that carry nutrients and other substances, live farther from water source, upright growth
§ Xylem – dead tissue that conducts _____________ and other substances from plant roots to the _________________
· Phloem – living tubular cells that conducts ________________ from the _________________ to all cell parts
ü Examples: trees, ferns and _________________
Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms
ü Gymnosperms - ___________ bearing plants, evergreen trees
ü ______________ living organisms - redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens) 300 x 30 ft
ü Oldest living organisms - bristlecone pine, 4,600 years old
ü Ecologically, gymnosperms dominate vast regions of northern ___________ forests
ü Most important forest ____________________
ü About 80% of forest products such as________, poles, paper, resins, Christmas trees
Classification
o Division Coniferophyta (conifers)
o Division Cycadophyta (cycads)
o Division Ginkophyta (ginko)
o Division Gnetophyta (gnetae)
ANGIOSPERMS
ü Angiosperms – have roots, ___________ and leaves but they also produce _____________________ and develop seeds that are enclosed in a ______________.
ü TWO CLASSES of Angiosperms
§ Monocotyledons (monocots) – one _________ _____________, smaller group Examples: orchids, ______________
§ _______________ veins in leaves
§ Flower parts in multiples of ______________
§ Dicotyledons (dicots) - ___________ seed leaves, majority of plants
Examples: garden flowers, ___________ (except conifers), and wildflower
ü Leaves with _______________ veins
ü Flowers parts in multiples of __________ or ________’s
o Annual – live ___________ year of less
o Biennials – life span lasts ___________ years
o Perennials – live several years producing ____________________ once a year
LEAF STRUCTURE
The primary function of the leaf is _______________________. The leaf collects the sun’s ___________ and manufacturing food (__________________) for the plant.
Internal structure
1. Cuticle - ___________ coating to help prevent water loss
2. Stomata – opening in leaf for ___________________ to enter and ____________ the leaf.
3. _____________________________ - the evaporation of water, a leaf will lose up to 90% of the water absorbed by the ______________.
4. Guard Cells – cells that surround and control the __________ of the ___________________
5. Mesophyll – photosynthetic _________________ of the leaf
***What determines the number of stomata on leaves?
External Structure
Margin - _____________ outline of the leaf
Simple leaf – one entire leaf blade; example: maple leaf
____________________ leaf – divided leaf blade; Example: walnut
ROOTS
ü Underground parts of ___________________
ü __________________ the plant
ü Absorb water and ________________________from soil to leaves
ü Roots grow by _________ ____________________ (mitosis)
Root structure
o Epidermis – forms ________________ most layer
o Cortex – involved in the _______________________ of water and ions
o Root cap – Protective _______________ at the end of the root
REPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERMS
(FLOWERING PLANTS)
The process of _____________________reproduction in flowering plants takes place in the flower. The flower is responsible for _______________________and _________ ____ and other parts are involved in___________________________.
Part of a Flower
1. ______________: leaf like, usually colorful arranged in a circle called a ___________ around the top of the flower stem.
2. _________________: leaf like and usually _________ and surround flower stem beneath_____________. All the sepals for the _____________. Sepals are sometimes _________________and resemble the_____________________.
a. _____________: serves as a ______________covering for the flower bud. Protecting it from ____________ ________and____________________.
3. ________________: ________reproductive structure of the____________. ____________________is made of an __________and _____________.
a. ________________: ___________the _________ and is at the tip of the stamen
b. _________________________: stalk that ______________ the anther.
4. ____________: the _____________ structure of the ______________. A flower can have more than _______________pistil. The pistil is made of three parts: ___________ , _______________ and ________________.
a. Stigma: usually ______________ on which the __________ __________ land and grow. Located at the top of the pistil.
b. Style: slender _____________ of the ________________ that connects the _______________ to the ____________. The ___________ __________ will grow down the ________________of the style to reach the ovary.
c. Ovary: contain the __________________. The ___________________ will turn into the ___________ once ____________. The ___________will ripen into the _____________.
A ___________________________ has all 4 structures: sepals, petals, stamens and pistil.
Examples: tiger lily, morning glory
An _________________ lacks one or more organs.
Examples: squash plants, sweet corn
Adaptations for pollination
_______________________: the _______________ of ___________ ___________ from the ______________ to the ___________________. The more pollen that lands on the stigma the greater the chance the flower will be fertilized.
Pollination Methods
1. Wind: This method is very __________________. Gymnosperms mainly rely on the wind to disperse their seeds.
2. Animals: Attracted to flowers for many reasons. Their job is to transfer pollen from one flower to another.
a. Examples: moths, _________________, hummingbirds, beetles, and even BATS!
b. Nectar: Nectar is a __________ ___________ made of ___________ and __________________. Animal will eat the nectar and brush its body against the _____________________ and rub against the ____________________. The pollen will stick to the animal and then be dropped off at the next plant it visits.
c. Flower color: Vivid ________________ usually attract butterflies. Pale color _________________ are pollinated by ________________________.
d. Scent: Flowers dull in color often have a _____________ _____________ to attract pollinators.
e. Shape of flower: Flowers such as ____________________ have a specific _______________ to match or fit the mouth of its pollinator.
3. Self-pollination: When a flower __________________ pollen from the same flower or another _______________ on the same plants.
4. Cross-pollination results in an exchange of _______________ material. This is the preferred method of pollination.
Pollination and Fertilization
Pollination is the transfer of ____________________ from one flower to another flower.
Once the pollen lands on the stigma, a pollen tube begins to grow. The pollen tube will lead the sperm cell down into the ovary and the egg nucleus. ___________________: the ___________________ of egg and sperm
In most plants, pollen tubes grow very quickly. In barley, it takes less than an hour between pollination and fertilization.
Sepal
Anther
Eukaryote
Cell wall mosses
Stamen
Phloem
Xylem pistil
Germination
Filament Pollination
Cellulose Stigma Ovary
Style Cuticle
PLANTS & ANIMALS
Invertebrate
Nonvascular fertilization
Vascular gymnosperm
Vertebrate
Angiosperm deciduous evergreen
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