Biology Midterm Review
Directions: Answer the following questions to help you prepare for your midterm exam (You may need a separate piece of paper). The exam is comprised of questions similar to those on your previous tests. Anything we’ve done so far is free game.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD UNIT
1. _BIOLOGY______is the study of life.
2. List the steps of the scientific method.
DEFINE THE PROBLEM
COLLECT INFORMATION
FORM HYPOTHESIS
DESIGN AN EXPERIMENT
OBSERVE AND RECORD DATA
CONCLUSIONS – SUPPORT OR REJECT HYPOTHESIS
a. What is a hypothesis? –AN EDUCATED GUESS THAT CAN BE TESTED
b. What is a theory? – A WELL SUBSTANTIATED EXPLANATION OF THE NATURAL WORLD, INCORPORATING SCIENTIFIC FACTS AND LAWS
3. What is a dependent variable? What is an independent variable?
DV: MEASURED IV: CHANGED BY THE SCIENTIST
4. What is a control? GROUP USED FOR COMPARISON
5. List the characteristics of life.
BIOLOGICALLY ORGANIZED
ACQUIRE MATERIALS AND ENERGY ABLE TO ADDAPT/EVOLVE
REPRODUCE
RESPOND TO STIMULI
HOMEOSTASIT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
6. Define homeostasis.
RELATIVE CONSISTENCY OF THE BODY’S INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
7. The four main types of measurement are for length, mass, temperature and volume.
a. What would the units for each be in metric (SI)?
LENGTH= METERS, MASS=GRAMS, TEMP= CELCIUS, VOLUME = LITERS
b. What would the units for each be in the English (standard) system?
LENGTH = INCH/FEET/MILE, MASS=POUND, TEMP=FERENHIEGHT, VOLUME = OZ,GALLON, ETC.
c. Be able to do metric conversions. K H D ____ D C M
i. 1 mL = __0.001______L 2L = ___2000___mL
ii. 59.34 g = ___59340___mg 4500mm=___4.5__m
iii. 2345m =___2.345_____km 130cm=___0.13___m
iv. 1m=___1000______mm 0.34m=___34____cm
8. Review your safety procedures.
PULL BACK HAIR, CLOSE TOED SHOES, GOGGLES, NO HORESPLAY, ETC.
9. List the steps for using a compound light microscope. What would one be used for? How is total magnification calculated? LENSE X (times) EYE PIECE
PUT STAGE DOWN ALL THE WAY WITH SMALLEST LENS
TURN ON MICROSCOPE
PLACE SLIDE ON STAGE
LOOK THROUGH EYEPIECE
SLOWLY TURN CUARSE FOCUS KNOB UNTILL CLEAR
NOW, SLOWLY TURN FINE FOCUS KNOB UNTILL CLEARER
WHEN FINISED, TURN OFF AND LOWER STAGE
Directions: The following are experimental scenarios. Read the experiments and then identify the components of the scientific method.
Experimental Scenario #1
A student investigated whether ants dig more tunnels in the light or in the dark. She thought that ants used the filtered light that penetrated the upper layers of earth and would dig more tunnels during the daytime. Ten ant colonies were set up in commercial ant farms with the same number and type of ants per ant farm. The same amount of food was given to each colony, and the colonies were in the same temperature. Five of the colonies were exposed to normal room light and five were covered with black construction paper so they did not receive light. Every other day for three weeks the length of the tunnels was measured in millimeter using a string and a ruler. Averages for the light and dark groups for each measured were then computed. The averages are listed in the following chart.
Length of Tunnels (mm) Constructed by Ants in Different Light Conditions
Day Light Dark
1 5 7
3 10 15
5 20 25
7 26 32
9 32 47
11 50 62
13 61 93
15 66 110
17 90 115
19 95 120
21 103 136
IV: LIGHT CONDITIONS – NO LIGHT
DV: LENGTH OF TUNNELS
Control Group: NORMAL LIGHT
3 Constants: # OF ANTS, TYPE OF ANTS, TEMPERATURE
Conclusion: ANTS IN THE DARK DUG LONGER TUNNELS
2 Improvements: MORE GROUPS, VARIATIONS ON LIGHT, TRY DIFFERENT ANT
Experimental Scenario #2
A student investigated the effect of radiation on the germination of bean seeds. He thought that exposure to radiation would limit the seeds ability to germinate (grow) much like ultra-violet light causing skin cancer. Three hundred seeds were soaked in distilled water for one hour. They were then divided into three groups. One group was placed in a microwave oven on high for three seconds. Another group was microwaved on high for six seconds. The last group was not microwaved. The seeds were then planted in three separate flats and given the same amount of water. The seeds were then planted in three separate flats and given the same amount of water. The flats were placed in a location with a constant temperature of approximately 27 degrees Celsius. Each day for two weeks the number of seeds that germinated each group was recorded.
Total Number of Bean Seeds Germinated after Microwave Radiation
Three Seconds of Radiation Six Seconds of Radiation No Radiation
54 26 88
IV:
DV:
Control Group:
3 Constants:
Conclusion:
2 Improvements:
Experimental Scenario #3
A student investigated the effect of aged-grass compost (fertilizer made from decaying plant material) on the growth of bean plants. She thought that the compost would provide extra nutrients and make plants grow faster. Thirty bean seeds were divided into three groups and planted in different flats (boxes). All seeds germinated after 12 days and were allowed to grow for five days. The flats were ach given the same amount of water and the same amount of light. Flat A was then fertilized with 3-month old compost; Flat B was given 6-month old compost; and Flat C was given no compost. At the end of 14 days the height of each plant was measured in centimeters.
IV:
DV:
Control Group:
3 Constants:
Conclusion:
2 Improvements:
ECOLOGY UNIT
10. List and define the 6 levels of ecological organization in increasing level of complexity.
Organism-______-______-______-Biosphere
11. What is an autotroph?
a. Chemotroph?
b. Heterotroph?
c. List the 5 main types of heterotrophs and what they eat
Type of Heterotroph: / Eats:12. What is a trophic level?
13. Define biotic and abiotic. List some factors for each.
14. Name and define the 3 main types of symbiotic relationships.
15. Review your biomes!!!
Most Rainfall –
Least Rainfall –
The one we live in-
16. What factors might make a population smaller?
17. What factors might make a population larger?
18. What types of growth might a population go through and what would it look like?
19. Define immigration.
20. Define emigration.
21. Define limiting factor. How does this affect carrying capacity?
22. Compare and contrast density-independent and density-dependent factors.
23. Identiy the following as Density –independent (I) or Density Dependent (D)
a. Earthquake- _____ e. Flood-______
b. Food Shortage-____ f. parasites-_____
c. Fire______g. Below freezing temp.-_____
d. Disease-______h. Tornado-_____
BIOCHEMISTRY UNIT
Subatomic Particle / Location / ChargeProton
Neutron
Election
24. Complete the chart below:
25. a. What is an isotope?
b. What are radioactive isotopes used for?
26. The atomic mass is equal to the number of ______+ ______.
27. The atomic number is equal to the number of ______.
Element / Atomic # / Atomic Mass / Protons / Neutrons / ElectronsC
Al
Be
Fe
K
28. Complete the chart below:
Bond / How Formed / Strength(strongest=1 to weakest=3)
Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen
29. Review the properties of water.
a. Why does ice float on the top of liquid water?
b. ______is the most abundant compound in living things.
30. What makes up a solution? Define its components.
31. Complete the following chart on the pH scale.
pH range / H+ concentration is higher or lower than pure waterAcid
Neutral
Base
32. What number on the pH scale would signify:
a. a weak acid ______
b. a strong acid ______
c. a weak base______
d. a strong base ______
33. Complete the chart below:
Carbon Compound / Function/Job / Subunit (Monomer)Carbohydrate
Protein
Lipid
Nucleic Acids
34. What is a chemical reaction?
a. In the following equation, label the products and reactants:
6CO2 + 6H20 → C6H12O6 + 6H20
35. Define activation energy.
36. What is a catalyst? How are enzymes different than catalysts?
37. Label the products, enzyme, substrate, and active site on the picture below.
38. What happens when you change the shape of an enzyme?
a. What factors will cause the shape of the substrate to change (affect the rate that an enzyme works)?
Answer true or false to the following statements:
a. ______Enzymes interact with specific substrates
b. ______Enzymes change shape after a reaction occurs
c. ______Enzymes speed up reactions.
d. ______One enzyme can be used for many different types of chemical reactions.
e. ______Enzyme reactions can be slowed or halted using inhibitors.
CELL UNIT
39. List the three parts of cell theory.
40. Review your cell organelles!!!
_____ Prokaryotic cell_____ Eukaryotic cell
_____ Cell membrane
_____ Cell wall
_____ ER
_____ Nucleus
_____ Nucleolus
_____ Ribosome
_____ Golgi Apparatus
_____ Lysosomes
_____ Mitochondria
_____ Chloroplast
_____ Vacuole
_____ Cytoskeleton / A. builds proteins
B. transport system for the cell
C. the “power house” of the cell, makes ATP
D. makes “food” for the cells
E. finishes, packages, and ships proteins
F. disposes of waste for the cell
G. no nucleus, contains ribosomes, mainly unicellular
H. protects DNA, controls the cell
I. contain distinct organelles, mainly multicellular
J. produces material used to make ribosomes
K. made of microtubules and microfilaments, helps support the cell and movement within the cell
L. storage for water
M. regulates the traffic entering or leaving the cell
N. provides structure to the cell, made of cellulose in plants/algae
41. Define prokaryote and give an example.
42. Define eukaryote and give an example.
43. What is cell specialization?
44. List the levels of cellular complexity in multicellular organisms.
Cell- ______-______- ______- Organism
45. List the steps of the cell cycle.
46. List the steps of interphase and what happens during each step.
47. What steps make up cell division? List the phases of mitosis in order and describe what happens in each step:.
Phase: / Description:48. Compare and contrast the cell cycle in animal and plant cells.