History of Health Information Technology in the U.S.
Instructor Manual
Version 3.0/Spring 2012
Notes to Instructors
This Instructor Manual is a resource for instructors using this component. Each component is broken down into units, which include the following elements:
· Learning objectives
· Suggested student readings, texts, reference links to supplement the narrated PowerPoint slides
· Lectures (voiceover PowerPoint in Flash format); PowerPoint slides (Microsoft PowerPoint format), lecture transcripts (Microsoft Word format); and audio files (MP3 format) for each lecture
· Self-assessment questions reflecting Unit Objectives with answer keys and/or expected outcomes
· Application Activities (e.g., discussion questions, assignments, projects) with instructor guidelines, answer keys and/or expected outcomes
Table of Contents
Notes to Instructors 2
Disclaimer 5
Component Overview 6
Component Objectives 6
Component Authors 7
Author Biography 10
Component 5/Unit 1 14
Component 5/Unit 2 21
Component 5/Unit 3 24
Component 5/Unit 4 27
Component 5/Unit 5 31
Component 5/Unit 6 34
Component 5/Unit 7 37
Component 5/Unit 8 41
Component 5/Unit 9 45
Component 5/Unit 10 47
Component 5/Unit 11 50
Component 5/Unit 12 53
Component 5/Unit 13 56
Component 5/Unit 14 58
Component 5/Unit 15 61
Component 5/Unit 16 63
Component Acronym Glossary 66
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported 70
Disclaimer
These materials were prepared under the sponsorship of an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
Likewise, the above also applies to the Curriculum Development Centers (including Columbia University, Duke University, Johns Hopkins University, Oregon Health & Science University, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and their affiliated entities).
The information contained in the Health IT Workforce Curriculum materials is intended to be accessible to all. To help make this possible, the materials are provided in a variety of file formats. Some people may not find the Flash video and .SWF files accessible and should instead utilize the PowerPoint slides together with the .mp3 audio file and/or Word transcript to access the lectures. For more information, please visit the website of the National Training and Dissemination Center at http://www.onc-ntdc.org or http://www.onc-ntdc.info to set up a profile and view the full accessibility statement.
Component Overview
This component traces the development of IT systems in health care and public health, beginning with the experiments of the 1950s and 1960s and culminating in the HITECH act, including the introduction of the concept of “meaningful use” of electronic health records.
Component Objectives
At the completion of this component, the student will be able to:
· Explain the rationale for elements of the HITECH Act in terms of the history of health IT
· Describe the background of today’s health IT landscape including EHR, HIE, CDS, applications in Public Health, relevant professional organizations
· Describe the history of regulation of Health IT in the U.S.
· Describe how legislation related to privacy and security of electronic health information has evolved in the US.
· Discuss how financial incentives for use of HIT have changed over time.
Component Authors
Assigned Institution
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
Team Lead
Eta S. Berner, EdD
Department of Health Services Administration
School of Health Professions
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Primary Contributing Authors
Eta S. Berner, EdD
Department of Health Services Administration
School of Health Professions
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Glenn Hammack, OD, MSHI
NuPhysicia LLC
Houston Texas
Terrell Herzig, MSHI, CISSP
UAB Health System
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Nir Menachemi, PhD, MPH
Department Health Care Organization and Policy
School of Public Health
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Critical Reviewers
Meg N Bruck, MSHI
Department of Health Services Administration
School of Health Professions
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Darrell E. Burke, PhD
Department of Health Services Administration
School of Health Professions
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Virginia Caris, MA
Department of Health Services Administration
School of Health Professions
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Carol McKelvey, MA, RHIA
Healthcare Information Programs
Wallace State Community College
Nena Scott, MSEd, RHIA, CCS, CCS-P
Precyse Solutions, LLC
Donna Stanley, EdS, RHIA, CCS
Healthcare Information Programs
Wallace State Community College
Instructional Designers
Lorrinda Khan, MFA
Department of Health Services Administration
School of Health Professions
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Dan L. Murphy, BS
Nursing Clinical Simulation and Tech
School of Nursing
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Michelle Robinson, PhD
School of Dentistry
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Test Item Writing Assistant
Susie P Bagwell, MA
Birmingham, AL
Lecture Narration
Narration talent provided by Maestro Productions, Nashville, TN.
Narrators
Milton Bagby
Lori Stegner
Sound Engineer
Bryan Talbot
Talbot Sound
Nashville, TN
Instructor Manual Editor
Shannon Houser, PhD, MPH, RHIA
Department of Health Services Administration
School of Health Professions
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Other Contributors
Lance Hanff, MSHI
Health System Information Services
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Jonathan McNair, MS
Health Services Administration
University of Alabama at Birmingham Author Biography
Eta S. Berner, Ed.D., is a Professor in the Health Informatics Program in the Health Services Administration Department of the School of Health Professions of the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Dr. Berner is the founding Director of UAB’s Center for Health Informatics for Patient Safety and Quality and is co-Director of the Biomedical Informatics Component of the UAB Center for Clinical and Translational Science. She also is a Fellow of both the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA)’s American College of Medical Informatics and the Health Information Management and Systems Society (HIMSS); Dr. Berner is a member of a technical expert panel for AHRQ’s Clinical Decision Support Initiative and is on the Board of Directors for AMIA. She has served on the editorial boards of three journals related to HIT and informatics and has taught in UAB’s Master of Science in Health Informatics Program since 1997. In addition to being the Program Director of UAB’s ONC-funded Curriculum Development Center project, she has received funding for both informatics and educational research including research on clinical decision support, electronic health records and health information exchange, development of online instructional materials for graduate and undergraduate health informatics, and the use of videoconferencing as an instructional modality for distance learning.
Glenn G. Hammack, OD, MSHI, is the founding President of NuPhysicia LLC, developing it as a spinout company from the University of Texas, where he served as Assistant Vice President of the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) and founding Executive Director of their Electronic Health Network (EHN), developing and managing their telemedicine programs. Before 2004, he served as Director of Health Informatics and Telemedicine, leading implementation of a large-scale electronic medical record system and creation of a statewide system for primary care and specialty telemedicine. He received his OD Optometry degree from the Michigan College of Optometry at Ferris State University and his MSHI Master of Science in Health Informatics from the University of Alabama at Birmingham with a Telemedicine internship at Massachusetts General Hospital.
Terrell W. Herzig, MSHI, CISSP, is Information Security Officer of the UAB Health System, Birmingham, Alabama, the UAB HIPAA Security Officer, and teaches in the Health Informatics program at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB). Mr. Herzig teaches graduate courses in Information Engineering, Programming, Computer Networks and Information Security in the UAB School of Health Professions. During his tenure at UAB, he has served as Director of Information Technology for the Civitan International Research Center and Director of Informatics for the Pittman General Clinical Research Center. Mr. Herzig has also consulted on numerous informatics projects with external groups, including Southern Nuclear and the US Army Medical Command. Mr. Herzig is also the editor of the recent HIMSS book: Information Security in Healthcare: Managing Risk.
Nir Menachemi, PhD, MPH, is Professor and Doctoral Program Director, Department of Health Care Organization and Policy, UAB School of Public Health. Relevant roles include being a Health Policy Fellow, Center of Quality Improvement and Patient Safety, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ); Director, Center on Patient Safety, Florida State University, College of Medicine; and Special Advisor to the Florida Governor's Health Information Infrastructure Advisory Committee (2004-2007). He brings expertise in Public Health, Health Services Delivery, and the current and historical roles of healthcare IT on the healthcare delivery infrastructure in the US. Dr. Menachemi has published extensively on adoption of healthcare IT in the US.
Meg Bruck, MSHI, is employed part-time in the Department of Health Services Administration at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. She provides management and review services on the HIT Curriculum Development Center project. She is a graduate of Hunter College of the City University of New York with a Master’s degree in Health Informatics from UAB. She has taught several components of the HIT Curriculum at Santa Fe College in Gainesville, FL.
Darrell Burke, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Master of Science in Health Informatics (MSHI). His research has been in the area of adoption of health IT as well as healthcare operations research. He has designed and taught in both traditional and online formats. He has published extensively on the role, measure and impact of healthcare information technology on delivery organizations and has taught for three different universities and a for-profit online education institution. Dr. Burke is a member of the Academy of Management and the Healthcare Information Management and Systems Society (HIMSS).
Virginia Caris, MA, is employed part-time in the Department of Health Services Administration at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. She provides review and editorial services on the HIT Curriculum Development Center project. She is a graduate of Emory University with a Master’s degree in American Literature from George Washington University. She has taught at Diné (Navajo) Community College and at the University of Montevallo and has worked in advertising and scientific/medical publishing.
Carol D. McKelvey, MA, RHIA, has been a member of the faculty of the Health Information Technology (HIT) Program at Wallace State Community College since 1993. She earned a B.S. degree in health information administration from the University of Alabama at Birmingham and an M.A. degree in health science from the University of Alabama. Over the past eight years, her concentration has been in the area of e-learning, serving as developer and instructor of distance education classes for the HIT Program, and evaluator of online course content and quality for Wallace State. Prior to becoming an educator, Ms. McKelvey served as the Director of Health Information Services in general acute care and rehabilitation settings. She is an active member of the American Health Information Management Association and the Alabama Association of Health Information Management.
Nena Scott, MSEd, RHIA, CCS, CCS-P, is a Registered Health Information Administrator (RHIA), Certified Coding Specialist (CCS), Certified Coding Specialist - Physician-Based (CCS-P) and an AHIMA Certified ICD-10 trainer. She holds a Master's of Education in Workforce Educational Leadership from Mississippi State University, Bachelors degree in Business Administration from the University of Mississippi and is currently pursuing a PhD in Community College Leadership. She is currently employed with Precyse Solutions as the ICD-10 Educator. Prior to this role she was the Program Director of the Health Information Technology program at Itawamba Community College. While serving as the program director she wrote Itawamba Community College's portion of the grant for the region D consortium. She has served as President of the Mississippi Health Information Management Association (MSHIMA) as well as many other leadership positions. She is a former MSHIMA Distinguished Member recipient, MSHIMA Educator Award recipient, and Champion Award recipient. She currently services as an accreditation program reviewer for the Commission on Accreditation Informatics and Information Management Education.
Donna S. Stanley, EdS, RHIA, CCS, is Director of the Health Information Technology (HIT) Associate Degree Program in the Health Division of Wallace State Community College in Hanceville, Alabama. She has been Program Director and Instructor in the HIT program since 1992, teaching both on campus and online courses. Mrs. Stanley is currently the Past-President of the Alabama Association of Health Information Management (AAHIM). In 2011 she became an AHIMA Approved ICD-10-CM/PCS Trainer.
Lorrinda Khan, MFA, is a Senior Instructional Design Specialist in the Department of Health Services Administration at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB). She has a MFA and has worked as a senior textbook editor for professional publications at Davis Publications as well as an online instructor (Capella University, Southern New Hampshire University, Baker College). Her instructional design experiences include curriculum design and development for the Alabama Fire College and the University of South Florida College of Medicine. At UAB she provides support for online education for multiple graduate programs within the Department of Health Services Administration. She has extensive experience with course development and maintenance using a variety of online instructional technologies (Blackboard, WebCT, WebCT Vista, etc). She has also published guides for online instruction.
Dan L. Murphy, is an Instructional Design Manager in the School of Nursing. He has a BS in Corporate Training and Development and a prior Associate of Applied Science Degree (Instructor of Technology). He is currently studying for a Masters in Education in Instructional Technology. He has prior experience as a Technical Training Instructor and Technical Training Evaluator for the US Air Force. He has developed a Virtual Patient Simulator for which he has a patent pending. He currently provides instructional design support for a number of externally funded projects including “Distance-Based Education for International Study Coordinators”, “A Culturally Competent Online NNP Program”, “Psychiatric NP program for the Rural Deep South”, “Leadership Education in Child-Health Nursing (LECHN)”, “Culturally Competent Alabama Clinical Nurse Leaders Program”, and a “Distance Learning Culturally Competent ANP/GNP Program for rural and underserved populations.”
Michelle Robinson, DMD, MA, is Associate Professor in General Dental Sciences and Associate Dean for Health Information and Business Systems at the UAB School of Dentistry. Her dental career has included private practice, teaching, consulting, outreach programs, and working with online learning and computer and communications technologies. In her current role, Dr. Robinson is completing her third clinical systems implementation and online curriculum for a professional school. Dr. Robinson is a graduate of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey and has a master’s degree in medical informatics from Columbia University. She also has several certifications, including Special Patient Care, IT Project Management, and Online Education. Among several honors and awards, Dr. Robinson is the recipient of the 2002 “Most Promising Health Professional” award from the International Women of Color in Health, Science and Technology, and the 2007 Faculty Award for research from the National Dental Association.