Harvest of Endurance
Chinese activities in the early period
When did the first Chinese people arrive in Australia?
How many Chinese people had arrived in Australia by 1848?
During this period why were most Chinese people brought to Australia?
What reception did most Chinese people receive in under-populated areas?
To whom were representations made to bring over more Chinese people to Australia?
When did the first group of indentured labourers arrive, from where and how many were there?
Apart from indentured labourers, what other arrivals came in that group?
What was the greatest number of Chinese arrivals in any one year and in which year was this?
What happened when labourers finished their contracts?
What were the primary jobs that most Chinese people did?
What was the major contribution of Chinese people to Australia at this time and what did this involve?
Which second language was used for commerce in towns like Ballarat during the gold rush period?
In what other ways did Chinese people contribute to Australia’s development?
Chinese miners
Where did the majority of Chinese labourers work between 1858 and 1870?
To where did the miners shift during the 1870s and for which resources?
Why did Chinese labourers come to Australia?
Who paid the ship fares for Chinese labourers to come to Australia?
From which part of China did most people come?
Who organised the labourers into gangs? How many men were in a gang?
How did the labourers travel from Sydney to the goldfields?
What did the majority of men in each gang do?
How many men from each gang were actually involved in the ‘winning’ of the gold-bearing clay and dirt?
How were the mining methods of Chinese miners different from that of the other miners? What did this lead to?
Why were Chinese miners driven from the goldfields by the predominantly English-born miners?
Anti-Chinese violence
What characteristics were Chinese immigrants generally acknowledged to have?
Which factors made Chinese immigrants an easy target of frustration for others?
What did the abuse and misunderstanding of Chinese immigrants lead them to do?
Note: Prejudice is a body of unfounded opinions or attitudes relating to an individual or group that represents them in an unfavourable light. (Racism. Stop it! Action 2000, Canada 1999)
In which year did the Victorian Government impose legal restrictions on the number of Chinese immigrants and why?
Which two things happened in 1857?
What happened in central NSW between December 1860 and June 1861?
What happened at Lambing Flat and in which year?
Note: Racism is:
1. the belief that human races have distinctive characteristics which determine their respective cultures, usually involving the idea that one’s own race is superior and has the right to rule or dominate others
2. offensive or aggressive behaviour to members of another race stemming from such a belief
3. a policy or system of government and society based on it
(Macquarie Dictionary 1991)
In which year did the NSW Government restrict numbers of Chinese people in the state and why?
Who was the Australian of European origin who showed understanding and sympathy towards the Chinese community and how did he show this?
Homesickness, gambling and bananas
How many wives accompanied their Chinese worker husbands to Australia?
What was the priority of Chinese workers?
What was a consequence of the distance between the Chinese workers and their families?
In which sectors did the greengrocers and fruiterers do well? Explain.
How many fruiterers and greengrocers were there in NSW and Victoria in 1901?
What was a result of the prosperity from the lucrative banana trade?
What proportion of the banana trade in Sydney and Melbourne in the 1900s was held by the Chinese community?
For how long did Chinese traders remain dominant in the banana industry?
Market gardening, odd jobs and shearers’ cooks
After the gold rush subsided, Chinese miners in Victoria and NSW began to move into towns and cities in the 1870s. What were the three most common occupations they followed?
How did Chinese farmers run their market gardening?
Who did the market gardeners work closely with and how did this help them?
What proportion of Chinese people in NSW and Victoria were engaged in market gardening in the 1900s?
Where did Chinese cooks find work both before and after the gold rush?
Laundries, cabinet makers and retailers
When did the Chinese laundry trade begin?
In 1913 what proportion of laundry workers in Victoria and NSW were of Chinese origin?
What did Chinese cabinet makers make?
How many Chinese furniture firms were there in Melbourne at the time?
Outline the story of Chee Dock Nomchong and his legacy.
Outline the contribution of William Ah Ket.
Chinese monarchist and anti-opium movements
Which two main streams of politics were there in China after the failed One Hundred Days Reform of 1998?
Which of the two streams wrote to a prominent Chinese leader in Sydney in 1899 seeking support?
Which Chinese group was established in Australia in 1900 and by whom?
For how long did the monarchist movement go unchallenged by the nationalist movement of Sun Yat-sen?
What was the great event for the Chinese monarchists in Australia in 1900? What was the flow-on effect?
How else did the Chinese community show their support for reform?
When was the first Chinese consulate opened in Australia?
What attempts were made to get rid of the opium smoking habit?
Response to Chinese Revolution of 1911
When did the influence of the Chinese republican movement first come to Australia?
Which newspapers spread the views of each political stream?
What happened in China in 1911?
What was the reaction of the lowering of the Manchu Dragon Flag and the raising of the twelve-pointed star republican flag?
The Healing Herbalist and social life
Who was Kwong Sue Duk?
How did he become known throughout Australia?
What made him popular?
What did he treat?
Which policy was adopted in Australia in 1901 and why?
Which test was introduced for would-be immigrants? What affect did this have on Chinese people?
How did this test affect Chinese people already in Australia?
What evidence was there that Chinese culture survived in spite of discrimination?
How did many Chinese immigrants and their children learn English during the 1870s and 1880s?
Name two Chinese people who achieved highly in education during this period and outline what they achieved.
Religion
What religious practices did the majority of Chinese people follow prior to World War Two?
How early did some Chinese immigrants convert to Christianity?
Which Christian denominations did some Chinese people follow between 1850 and 1920?
Railways, trades, commerce, farming and river boats
When and for what reasons were Chinese labourers brought to the Northern Territory?
How many Chinese labourers were initially brought to the Northern Territory?
Where did these labourers work and was the scheme successful?
How many Chinese people were there in the Port Darwin area following the increase in the number of Chinese immigrants after the discovery of gold?
How did Chinese people contribute towards the mining industry?
What did the South Australian Government do after the completion of the Darwin to Pine Creek railway and what effects did this have?
How else did Chinese people contribute to the development of the Northern Territory?
What traditional farming practices did Chinese farmers successfully introduce and what produce did they provide to local markets?
Who was John Egge?
Mango lady, shipping director and Senator
Before the early part of the 20th century, how many Chinese women did the Australian Government allow to enter Australia?
When did Mms Lum Loy arrive in Australia?
Outline the life of Mms Lum Loy.
What led to Mms Lum Loy’s great popularity and respect?
Outline an example of an economic contribution on a larger scale made by some Chinese business people and explain how it came about.
Who was the first Chinese Member of the Senate? When was he first elected and how many terms did he serve?
Outline the life of Thomas Jerome Kingston Bakhup.
Support for China’s anti-Japanese War
In what ways did Chinese people who settled in Australia concern themselves with the destiny of China?
Serving in the Second World War
Name five Australian men of Chinese origin who served with the Australian forces during World War Two and describe what they did.
Name two women of Chinese origin who served with the Australian forces during World War Two and describe what they did.
Celebrating New China, participation of Peace Conference
What happened in China in October 1949? What was the reaction of the Chinese community in Australia to this?
Why was a grand Australian Peace Congress held in Melbourne in 1950?
What role did Arthur Locke Chang play at the Australian Peace Congress and afterwards?
Chinese Olympic teams and Olympic hero
Which Olympic team was warmly welcomed by the Chinese community in Melbourne?
Who was the ‘Olympic hero who did not compete’? What did he do and why?
How and when was John Wing honoured for his contribution?
Post-War Influxes, abolition of the White Australia Policy, Uncle Bill, and diplomatic relations
What was the Columbo Plan and when was it in place?
From which countries did students come to Australia under the Columbo Plan?
Did those students settle in Australia?
During which years did increasing numbers of Chinese people arrive in Australia and from which countries?
Name the discriminatory policy that was abolished in 1973. Name the Minister and political party responsible for this abolition.
Which Australian-born person of Chinese-European parentage was an outstanding figure in the struggle against the ‘White Australia Policy’? Outline something from among his many achievements and how he was recognised for this.
What happened in December 1972 and what did this lead to?
Rising to the top, entering the professions
Provide information about a prominent Chinese Australian in each of the following areas:
· Law
· Politics
· Medicine
· Catholic Church
· Asian studies
· Engineering
· Music
Towards a future of Multiculturalism
Read: ‘Languages Other Than English’
What number of Australians speak Chinese?
What proportion of the population is this?
Any other points of interest?
Read: ‘Ancestry’
What proportion of the Australian population has one or both parents born overseas?
How many Australians have one or both parents who were Chinese?
What proportion of the population is this?
How does this compare with other groups in the Australian population?
Any other points of interest?
Read ‘Towards a future of Multiculturalism’
Note any points of interest, remembering that this information is from the 1980s.
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