Unit 2
(3 weeks)
Exploration through the French and Indian War 1754-1778
Chapters The American pageant 6,7,8
Quiz on each Chapter, Objective test chapters 6,7,8
Short response test 6,7,8 Essay Test
ATF 3 Quiz
DBQ Main Idea Logs
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 1754 THROUGH CONSTITUTION
3.0 weeks
Organizing Principles – Between 1763 and 1776, British attempts to exert control over the colonies led to violent, organized, successful resistance.
The Articles of Confederation provided a reasonable and workable transition from the unitary system of British rule to the federal system established under the Constitution.
Topics
(British tax policy, colonial reaction, inter-colonial unity, inter-colonial conflict, independence movement, revolution, revolutionary change, Articles of Confederation,
Constitution)
Unit 2 chapter 6
The Duel for America
Spain, France and Britain
The French Foothold
Following religious wars in France and Europe between Catholics and Protestants, which ended in 1598 with the Edict of Nantes. In the 1600’s France under Louis XIV and XV became the largest and most powerful Empire in Europe –largest European Army and Kings who wanted more. By 1608 a year after Jamestown, the French had secured a permanent colony in the New World – Quebec- on the St Lawrence River. The French made friends with the Huron Nation and added them in war with the Iroquois Nation. As a result the Iroquois would side with and aid the British. Both France and Britain fought using the tribes to control the rich Ohio Valley area. France also declared Quebec a Catholic colony and refused to allow Huguenots to move there. The French Empire also did not heavily favor its northern colony but preferred to support its Caribbean islands, which made far more profit for the Empire. Fur trade was the predominate use of Quebec – and French fur traders pushed well into the frontier of America and down the Mississippi to create New Orleans and name the rest of the explored continent Louisiana. In Alabama they would settle Mobile and Fort Toulouse in Wetumpka
Imperial Wars
The American war for Independence was only the last in a series of conflicts – that can be considered the true first world wars – King Williams War 1690 (English Civil War) War of Spanish Succession /Queen Anne’s War 1702-1714 (Brits sided with Spain against France to grab French territory in Americas)The War of Jenkins Ear (1739-43 Spanish Navigation acts in Caribbean – excuse for Britain to attack Spanish territory in America St Augustine) – The War of Austrian Succession/King Georges War ( 1744-48 Maria Theresa ascension to Austrian throne Brits on side of Austria to grab French territory in America Louisbourg Canada) The French and Indian War/Seven Years War 1754 – 63 (Russia Austria and France v Brits and Prussians – grab French territory) 1763 (Scratch of the Pen Britain gains the North American continent) Cherokee War 1760-63 (Cherokee vs Colonies) Pontiacs War/Paxton Boys (1763 Indian rebellion against victorious British and the dividing peace Colonial attempt at racial cleansing)
French and Indian War 1754-63
The Primary battle for the North American Continent has its roots in European conflicts and struggle for World Empire – French and Indian war begins in America by non other than George Washington and the British/ French claims to the Ohio valley – the French in the early 1750 began building a series of small forts along the Ohio Valley (largest was fort Duquesne later Pittsburgh) to protect its fur trade – Alarmed Virginians believing that this was there rightful land sent Washington to secure the area – Washington came across a French and Indian diplomatic patrol and killed them only to be captured days later as Washington was forced to run from a superior force and Build and surrender Fort Necessity. Washington and his small force were paroled but the war was on. Washington’s shots sparked a war that would stretch from America to the West Indies to India to Africa to the Philippines and be fought on all of the 7 seas. Resulting in Britain getting North America. The bulk of the war would be fought in Germany between the Prussians and French thus tying down the French Army in Europe While the British could send troops the Americas.
British Blunders
Rather than attack the key fortifications of the French - Fort Duquesne and Quebec. The British opted for scattered attacks against many French posts at the same time. Braddock’s defeat - Fort Niagara(Canada Border NY) and fort Ticonderoga (NY) Brits did get Nova Scotia and expelled all of the French Catholics or Acadians to Louisiana- Cajun Country- In 1756 French general Montcalm arrived to take command of all French forces He attacked the British Forts on the great Lakes Fort Oswego and Fort William – Survivors of Fort William were slaughtered by the French backed Indians.
December 1756 William Pitt takes over as Prime Minister in London – war changes for the British –
Pitt orders all British and Colonial armies to attack Fort Duquesne and Quebec.
1758-59 British troops took control of the Great Lakes wit the capture of Fort Forontenac – Also took Fort Ticonderoga – Louisbourg – Fort Niagara – and finally fort Duquesne renamed Fort Pitt – British Indian Alliance was Key in these battles by promising the Indians the British would leave if they had victory. (lied) That left the last French strong hold in America Quebec –
Battle of Quebec
Montcalm v Wolfe on the plains of Abraham – Montcalm mete the British force to force on an open field instead of staying in Quebec this cost him the battle – British used a sneak attack by climbing the cliffs behind the city on the river side and drew the French out onto the plains Wolfe was killed on the battlefield
1760
Montreal fell and the last FRENCH flag in North America was lowered – January 1762 Reluctantly Spain joined the side of he French and lost Havana Cuba to the British fleet and St Augustine FL. And the Philippines were captured. Spain would loose a lot in one year. Britain also capture most of the French Sugar Islands in the Caribbean
Scratch of the Pen 1763
Peace
Feb 10th 1763 Britain, France and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris – England was victorious and now larger than the Roman Empire and on the verge of Bankruptcy. This was the most expensive war in English History up till 1763– the peace returned Cuba, and the Philippines to Spain for Florida allowed Spain to keep the Louisiana Territory which France had given to Spain and returned the sugar islands for Canada – England gave up millions of dollars in Sugar (why had a navy it could take the islands anytime holding a continent was harder) As a result England got possession of North America and had control of he seas.
Indians
The Bulk of the Indian tribes in 1763 feared and questioned the future most had sided with the French few like the Mohawk sided with the British – this caused immediate conflict with the British as British colonists eager to get the land spoils of war moved into and settled the Indian territory that sided with the French. This would spawn the Cherokee War in the South – Pontiac’s rebellion In the Mid and northern colonies – and the Paxton Boys war Colonists in Penn.
The treaty of Paris did not give up French land except in Canada the land it did give up was Indian land from Indians who felt they were not defeated (however their defeat would be easy as they were dependent on French guns) -
Pontiac’s War
Prior to the peace treaty in Paris that ended the 7 years war – but after the French were defeated in North America – Pontiac following and using a vision from the Indian prophet Neolin declared war on the British and colonists – to purify and take back the Indian land – Pontiac captured most of the British forts on the great lakes and laid siege to Fort Pitt – killing hundreds of Colonists and British – forcing the British Govt. to declare war on Indians and increasing the racial divide between Indian and European (biological warfare Smallpox). Pontiac was told of the official peace treaty by a French General and stopped his attacks.
Paxton Boys – Penn anti Indian and anti Quaker declared war on the Indians openly hunting and killing them – they also turned on Philadelphia this was also a fight between back country men and Elite eastern men. The killing ended when the Paxton boys gave up on Philadelphia.
The Proclamation line of 1763 drew the western border of the colonies to determine Indian territory.
Unit 2
Chapter 7
The Road to Revolution
The French and Indian war was the most expensive war England had ever fought- Who should pay for the war in England the average citizen paid 23 shillings in annual tax – in the colonies 1 shilling. The new Prime Minister of England George Greenville replaced Pitt – and was not liked by the colonies – began to impose taxes on the colonies – And to take back the colonies now that they controlled the Continent It cost England approximately 300,000 pounds per year to defend the colonies.
1763 Acts for Encouragement of Officers making Seizures – Naval patrols of the cost to stop smuggling
Sugar Act 1764 first act to collect taxes for the crown in the colonies ever
Quartering Act 1765 Provide food and quarters for British Soldiers –immediately ignored by New York
Stamp Act 1765 tax passed to pay for the soldiers in the colonies Trade goods had to be stamped showing tax was paid before it could be sold
By 1765 Americans began to question why a standing army was located in the colonies if the French were gone and the Indian threat eliminated – this and the tax acts were to the colonists ACTS OF TYRANNY
American colonies were not used to being governed by the crown and wanted to only pay taxes created by there own local governments – Colonies may have screamed no taxation without representation but now wanted representation in parliament as they would loose everything in the vote.
Stamp Act Congress 1765
First time colonies attempt to unite – in New York 27 delegates met to address the stamp tax and protest – they sent a letter to the King and boycotted British goods – those who violated the boycott found themselves tare and feathered. Home spun clothing and sassafras replaced British wool and tea.
Repeal of the Stamp Act.
July 1765 Greenville and his cabinet fell out of favor with the king and a new Prime Minister was installed one who favored the colonies –Rockingham – however to get rid of the Stamp act he had to accept the Declaratory Act – which gave Parliament the power to pass laws over the colonies-
Like Greenville, Rockingham too fell from the Kings grace –was replaced by a ministry headed by Pitt and later the Govt. fell into the control of Charlie Townshend.
Townshend Acts
Punished New York for disobeying the Quartering Act
Issued the Revenue Act of 1767 which levied duties (external tax) on colonial imports (glass lead tea paper and paints) and set up a Board of Customs Commissions in Boston to stop all of the smuggling in and out of Boston (of which John Hancock was the chief pirate)
Samuel Adams and the SOL
They became the organizers of protest in Boston – and wrote newspapers and sent them to other colonies to encourage protest of the British –while trying to capture Sam Adams the British went after his friend Hancock and stopped and seized the sloop Liberty and sent two regiments of redcoats to Boston to Guard it and Quarter in Boston – Adams published that this standing Army was a threat to Civil Liberties.
Parliament realized no colonial court would ever convict Adams of treason and tried to in act a Henry VIII law to bring people to England for trial – this failed and Townshend was replaced by NORTH
The Boston Massacre
March 5th 1770 the culmination of weeks of heckling British Soldiers in the streets came to a head – Outside the Boston customs house a small group of Bostonians started heckling and throwing snowballs at a group of British soldiers they called for help and British Capt Preston came to the scene with more red coats – a town fire bell was rung and members of the SOL and a group lead by Cripus Attucks arrived more snowballs ere thrown a soldier fell and shots rang out – 5 colonists were dead 8 wounded – the soldiers were removed from town and charged with murder and defended by John Adams – Sam edams brother – all were acquitted two were lightly punished.
News of the Massacre spread like wild fire through the colonies – was it a massacre?
Result – all tax acts were dropped except that on tea (most tea was smuggled in from Dutch companies)– the red coats were taken out of Boston but kept near by the navy still patrolled Boston harbor and the quartering act was still in affect. –
Worsening Crisis
June 1772 – British Schooner Gaspee on patrol ran aground and was attacked by colonials and burned – result was that the governor would be paid out of custom revenues and so would all of the judges – lead to the creation of (Sam Adams) to post colonial grievances to the public – this was developed in all colonies and as a way for the colonies to communicate. – this would mobilize public opinion and borderon treason and sedition –
Boston Tea Party
1773 the British East India tea company had a massive surplus of tea it had to sell – Prime Minster North gave them a monopoly on the colonies all tea would be sold by them – caused boycotts throughout the colonies – In Philadelphia and New York the tea ships were turned away at the docks. Annapolis MD burned both tea ships – Charleston SC the tea ships were seized by officials who held the tea to sell at a later date during the revolution. In Boston the tea ships were allowed to dock without a crowd turning them away protected by the governor. December 16th 1773 – 100 Bostonians dressed as Indians border and destroyed the tea and the ships. And THE GOVERNOR RETURNED TO England in shame and disgust.