Unit 1
(3 weeks)
Exploration through the French and Indian War 1500-1763
Chapters The American pageant 1,2,3,4,5
Quiz on each Chapter, Map Quiz, Objective test chapters 2,3,4,5
Short response test 2,3,4,5 Essay test 2,3,4,5
ATF 1 and ATF 2 Quiz
DBQ Main Idea Logs
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Organizing Principle -Between 1607 and 1763, the British North American colonies developed experience in, and the expectation of self-government in the
political, religious, economic, and social aspects of life.
Topics:
(exploration, colonization, governmental development, economic development, religious development, colonial wars, salutary neglect, social development)
oral presentations up to 4 per quarter – only 1 per week
test corrections on objective test
Unit 1
Chapter 1
Materials – Power Point of Natives and Spanish Conquest
Geographically how America got here - around 225 million years ago one giant land mass contained all of the present day continents and islands and they drifted away creating the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and narrowing the Pacific and by 10 million years ago North America was formed – 2 million years ago the Ice carved up and froze over a large chunk of the Earth reaching as far south in the US as PA and the Dakotas – about 10,000 years ago the geographical features and boundaries of America were finally formed. The Ice Age also helped in the way in which Humans came to inhabit the continent. Early explores and hunters and gathers came to America some in crude boats across the Atlantic (evidence of a red head found in Canada and Ericson and early Vikings) but the earliest that would settle the continent probably walked across the Bering Straits and migrated down the Western half of the United States – These would have be Asiatic peoples and the ancestors of the American Indians/Natives. For about 250 centuries people could cross the bridge as the ICE withdrew to the caps the bridge disappeared and the people became stranded in the Americas cut off for centuries from humanity. (Guns,Germs,Steel – Geography plays a key in development) Over the centuries different areas on the North and South American continent developed – Anasazi Indians of the American West –Mesa Verde - the Incas , Azetecs, Toltecs, Mayans, Pueblos and the eventual Mississippian Mound builders. While some lasted longer than others each developed elaborate societies complete with governments, economic stability, religion, all without the use of the wheel and large animals – their primary and staple food was corn. By 1300 all of these cultures would be in decline probably do to climate and soil destruction as well as war. These cultures would lead to the Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee, Apache, Navajo, and the Iroquois Confederacy as well as many numerous other tribes throughout the present day United States. However the bulk of the continent was not explored or inhabited. While there were millions of Native Americans/Indians they were not united, separate cultures, and geography divided them and they constantly wared with each other. This would prove fatal to the Native Americans once the endless supply of technological advanced Europeans began to arrive. (GUNS Germs STEEL)
Crusades and the Accidental discovery of America and the Slave Trade For Europeans
Historical evidence shows that around 1000 Scandinavian seamen found the Northern Coast of North America – these voyages were never recorded in written form and the rest of Europe never learned of them – this is why in 1492 Columbus is credited with the discovery of what is now the West Indies i.e. The Caribbean. But it is the adventures that fought in the great crusades of Europe that created the individuals ready to cross the Atlantic in search of the riches of the East. – During the Crusades the raw and exotic materials of the East were tasted and traded with the Europeans. The demand for the goods created trade routes by land that drove the price of the goods up – thanks mostly to the Arabs who controlled the routes. Europe needed a cheaper less costly way to get the goods of the East to Europe – A sea route was needed but first an invention is naval sailing and seamen ship was need – it was easy to travel down the African coast line but impossible to travel North because of the wind currents. In 1450 the Portuguese created a ship and sail that could tack into the wind. The Adventure was on – Crusaders traded in horses for ships and went for the riches of the East. This brought the Europeans into the continent of Africa and the discovery of Gold and cheap labor in the form of Arab/African sold slaves. A slave trade that was intact for centuries prior to European exposure. The Portuguese learned quick how to trade in slaves being first with a fleet gave them the islands off the coast of Africa where Sugar was a primary trade crop. With the Portuguese growing stronger – conditions is Spain would soon alter the and speed up the discovery of the “New World” In October of 1469 Prince Ferdinand of Argon a strong Catholic and Princess Isabella of Castile two of the strongest principalities in Spain were married this would lead to full Spanish Unification in 1516 giving rise to the longest lasting modern Empire in world history an empire that would not collapse until 1898. After defeating the Muslim Moors in Europe the Conquistadors of these wars sought adventure elsewhere. One of Spain’s greatest gifts to the word would be the book Gramatica written by Nebrija and presented to Queen Isabella – it was the first book to teach a language – a common language is required to conquer.
Spain
In 1492 – Spain outfitted Christopher Columbus to find a westward route to the Indies – while looking for India and the East Indies Columbus landed in the Bahamas and exaggerated his finding called it rich and paradise – (What was he going to say he did not find what he was looking for called natives Indians) this year became a major turning point in World History – It would join Europe Africa and the Americas A massive collision of Cultures and would ultimately lead to the present Day United States and the destruction of the Native Americans and the Enslavement of Millions of Africans. (Guns Germs and Steel) -- first went the islands of the Caribbean where the European Germs especially Smallpox wiped out the natives increasing the demand for African Slaves. In 1494 Spain had claimed the New World as hers in the treaty of Tordesilllas with Portugal Throughout the 1500’s Spain became the dominant power in the Americas in its new quest for GOD GOLD and Glory. Now famous Conquistadors left Spain for GOD (funded by the Catholic Pope to spread Christianity, GOLD to get rich as Spain only asked for a percentage and Glory prized more than the others. Individuals like Balboa 1513 who found the Pacific - Magellan 1519 whose ships were the first to circumnavigate the globe he was killed in the Philippines by the natives before finishing – Ponce de Leon1513 and 1521 found Florida looking for the Fountain of youth – Coronado1540-42 looking for the cities of gold walked through Arizona, New Mexico to Kansas finding no gold – Hernando de Soto 1539-42 looking for Gold crossed Florida Alabama Louisiana and Arkansas. – Pizarro 1532 conquered the Incas in Peru and took their gold and Silver increasing the wealth of Spain – by 1600 Spain was the richest power in Europe. Cortez 1521 conquered Mexico and the Aztec Empire. In less than a century 18 million Aztecs of the original 20 million were dead disease wiped then out only intermarriage with Spaniards save the rest. By 1551 Spain had cities and Universities in Mexico and the book Gramatica brought the Spanish language to the new world. Spain was settling in the Americas with established cities and Universities 85 years before the English even dreamed of coming over. In 1565 the Spanish on the rumors of gold and the fountain of youth expanded into present day America and place the first European city in America at St Augustine Florida(it is the oldest city in the United States). Believing Coronado missed the Gold the Spanish spread into New Mexico and Texas while no wealth was found the need to convert the natives was and Missions were set up throughout the South West – most famous was the unfinished Alamo – the Spanish Priest would be the key to settling California a century later more Missions. In 1588 Spain lost control of the seas with the defeat of the Spanish Armada this would open up the new world to the English.
The French in America
About the same time Spain was claiming its portion of the New World and 56 years before the British Puritans landed at Plymouth the French had established a colony just North of Spanish St. Augustine Fort Caroline - this fort was destined to fail its first inhabitants were there for GOLD only and nearly starved to Death the fort was forced to work but war with the Spanish saw its demise. The French also set up fur trade colonies in present day Canada Montreal and Quebec. Rather than enslave or war with the Indians the French simply did business in the North. The French would be driven out at the end of the French and Indian War.
Russia and the American North West
1741-1867 the Russians also came to North America
The Aleutian Islands were discovered in 1741 by Captain Vitus Bering (Bering Straits) and Captain Aleksei Chirikov. Chirikov brought back furs from Alaska - thus began the Russian American Company – Located mainly in Southern Alaska – it would stretch as far south as Fort Ross in present day San Francisco CA. Russia settled and controlled this area for 126 years. There capitol was at New Archangel. They built the first sea port on the west coast several cathedrals, a college and two institutes of scientific research were built long before San Francisco was a town. Maintained a peaceful trade with the Native Americans known as Aleuts. The entire colony while designed to be permanent was based on the fur trade. In 1867 due to the wars of Europe and the conditions in Russia – the Tsar sold Alaska and Northern California for 7,200,000 to the United States.
Unit 1
Chapter 2
Materials – Power Point
How America becomes English – basically three competing Empires in the 1500’s England, Spain, and France. All of which until 1530 were united in a common Religion –Catholic- By being Catholic allowed Spain to claim and control most of the Western Hemisphere by treaties – In the 1530 Henry VIII not wanting the English throne to answer to the pope and the need to have a son/thus divorce/ broke with the Catholics and launched the Protestant Reformation - the Church of England became Anglican. Under Queen Elizabeth it became the religion of the realm. Spawning a war in Ireland which remained Catholic and England’s first attempt and example as to how to colonize – how the English dealt with the Irish would be echoed across the Atlantic against the Indians.
Queen Elizabeth
Elizabeth did not reign over a rich and powerful Empire in fact England was relatively small and poor compared to mainland Europe. And in 1585 Elizabeth found herself at War with Catholic Spain – this war would end with the destruction of the Spanish Armada in 1588(although the English were outnumbered in ships weather and the miss placement of Spanish Cannonballs would give the English victory and signify the beginning of the end for the Spanish (officially ended in 1898)- England now controlled the seas. It did cost England Roanoke. –
Funding an overseas colony would be impossible if it were not for a handful of adventures know as the “West Country Men” these were well connected gentlemen and court men from South West England. Men such as Sir Francis Drake seamen and English pirate against the Spanish – Sir Richard Greenville, Sir John Hawkins, Sir Walter Raleigh who would create Roanoke the “Lost Colony” and give England its path by saying “He who commands the sea commands the trade, and he who controls the trade of the world is the lord of the world” Sir Humphrey Gilbert (Raleigh’s half brother) who tried and failed to establish an English colony in New Foundland – these Men conquered Ireland and began the English interest in America. These “West Country Men” funded their own expeditions under the support of Elizabeth. Each of them believed in attacking Spain and its possessions they each regarded colonial trade as the key to making a rich man and a richer Empire. Their motto – To plant Christian religion – To traffic(trade) – To conquer. They had a large unclaimed portion of the North American Continent to choose from the Mid Atlantic was ignored by the French and the Spanish.
How and why England would be able to send so many colonists – there are two historically debated reasons for the amount of people who came to America – 1 religious freedom and 2 Economics – we will look at a combination of both.
Begining in 1530 and ending in 1630 The English Crown via parliament ended the idea of the independent small farmer by introducing enclosure. During this time 95% pf the English population were common people a diverse lot of poor, and wealth merchants but the bulk were known as middling people (middle class). Do to enclosure half of the of the common people were displaced – poor landless and forced to move most gravitated to seaports and major cities such a LONDON – in 1550 Londaon had 120,000 people 1600 200,000 and by 1650 375,000. As a result crime, poverty, fires and plagues dramatically increased – idea ship them off to the New World. Employee the poor and raise the wealth of the Empire with that the “West Country Men” developed companies to colonize the New World.