Era 1/Chapter 5 the Renaissance and Reformation (1300-1600 AD)

Era 1/Chapter 5 – The Renaissance and Reformation (1300-1600 AD)

Alabama Course of Study Objectives:

1 – Describe the developments in Italy in Northern Europe during the Renaissance period with respect to humanism, arts and literature, intellectual development, and advances in technology.

3 – Explain the causes of the Reformation and its impact, including tensions between religious and secular authorities, reformers and doctrine, the Counter Reformation, the English Reformation, and wars of religion.

Essential Questions:

1) How did the Renaissance change the overall world view of man?

2) How did the Reformation’s ideas lead to new religious thinking?

3) What was the Renaissance and why did it start in Italy?

4) What drove Martin Luther to write the 95 Theses and what was the outcome of that action?

5) Compare and contrast Protestantism and Catholicism:

After you complete this outline, you should be able to:

a. List three characteristics of the Renaissance.

b. Explain the three estates of Renaissance society.

c. Explain Renaissance education.

d. Describe artistic contributions of the Renaissance.

e. Describe Luther’s role in the Reformation.

f. Describe religious changes in Switzerland, in England, and within the Catholic Church.

g. Explain the social, economic and political changes that contributed to the rise of Florence and the ideas of Machiavelli.

h. Identify artistic and scientific achievements of the "Renaissance man."

i. Explain the main characteristics of humanism.

j. Analyze the impact of the Protestant Reformation.

Describe the Counter Reformation and the role of the Jesuits.

k. Describe the English Reformation.

l. Assess the importance of the printing press.

Outline:

I. The Renaissance (pp. 157-163)

A. The Italian Renaissance (pp. 157-158)

· What were the characteristics of the Italian Renaissance?

B. The Italian States (pp. 158-160)

3. Milan (p. 159)

4. Venice (p. 159)

5. Florence (p. 159)

6. The Italian Wars (p. 160)

· How did the Visconti and Stonza rulers become powerful in Milan?

C. Machiavelli and the New State Craft (pp. 160-161)

· Why was The Prince an important work on political power?

D. Renaissance Society (pp. 161-163)

1. The Nobility (p. 161)

2. Peasants and Townspeople (p. 162)

3. Family and Marriage (p. 163)

· How was the Renaissance noble different from the medieval knight?

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At least three vocabulary terms you do not know with definitions:

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Important terms, people, and places you should remember:

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II. The Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance (pp. 164-169)

A. Italian Renaissance Humanism (pp. 164-165)

· Why is Petrarch called the father of the Italian Renaissance?

B. Vernacular Literature (p. 165)

· What literary format does Chaucer use to portray English society?

C. Education in Renaissance (pp. 165-166)

· How did a humanist education prepare a student for life?

D. The Artistic Renaissance in Italy (pp. 166-168)

2. New Techniques in Painting (p. 166)

3. Sculpture and Architecture (p. 167)

· How did Renaissance paintings differ from medieval paintings?

4. Masters of the High Renaissance (p. 168)

· Name the three Italian artists most closely associated with the High Renaissance.

E. The Northern Artistic Renaissance (pp. 168-169)

· Why was Jan van Eyck’s use of oil significant?

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At least three vocabulary terms you do not know with definitions:

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Important terms, people, and places you should remember:

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III. The Protestant Reformation (pp. 171-175)

A. Erasmus and Christian Humanism (pp. 171-172)

· How did Erasmus pave the way for the Reformation?

B. Religion on the Eve of the Reformation (pp. 172-173)

· What was the modern devotion?

C. Martin Luther (pp. 173-175)

4. The Ninety-five Theses (p. 173)

b.

5. A Break with the Church (p. 174)

6. The Rise of Lutheranism (p. 174)

· How did Luther’s theory of salvation differ from what the Catholic Church believed was necessary for salvation?

D. Politics and the German Reformation (pp. 175)

· How did the Peace of Augsburg influence the political and religious development of Germany?

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At least three vocabulary terms you do not know with definitions:

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Important terms, people, and places you should remember:

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IV. The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response (pp. 177-183)

A. The Zwinglian Reformation (pp. 177-178)

· What religious reforms were introduced in Zurich?

B. Calvin and Calvinism (pp. 178-179)

· How did the Consistory enforce moral discipline in Geneva?

C. The Reformation in England (pp. 179-180)

· Why did Henry VIII form the Church of England?

D. The Anabaptists (pp. 180-181)

· Why were the Anabaptists considered to be dangerous political radicals?

E. Effects on the Role of Women (pp. 181-182)

· What impact did the Protestant Reformation have on women?

F. The Catholic Reformation (pp. 182-183)

· What was the relationship between the Jesuits and the pope?

Important Notes:

What are the major causes and major effects of the following historical points of reference in world history?

1450 to 1750

· The Renaissance

· The Reformation

The Renaissance

Causes

· The Crusades created renewed interest in classical cultures as scholars uncovered Roman and Greek writings, which revived learning.

· Strategically located in the Mediterranean Sea and characterized by commercially strong city-states Italian trade flourished.

· Nobles and prominent families such as the Medici’s grew wealthy from the trade and used this wealth to patron the arts.

· By the end of the 15th century Renaissance ideas had spread from Italy to Northern Europe.

· Trade supported a growing population, which led to an increased demand for goods, which promoted more trade and then more wealth.

Effects

· New intellectual ideas emerged that viewed man as a rational being.

· Writings and artwork focused more on worldly matters.

· Ideal of a “Renaissance Man”-one who had many areas of talent was promoted.

· Humanism-celebration of the individual in the here and now rather than the afterlife became important.

· Classical history of the Greeks and Romans was recovered and studied along with a reexamination of Roman architecture and engineering. (Classicism)

· Unprecedented achievements in art, literature, and music

· Europeans begin to examine long held beliefs in many areas including science, religion, politics, art, education, and contact with non-Europeans.

What was the political, intellectual, artistic, economic, and religious impact of the Renaissance?

Impact of the Renaissance

Political

· Italian city-states grew wealth as did prominent families, merchants and nobles.

· Machiavelli writes about political philosophy in The Prince and argues that the ends justify the means.

· Feudalism has declined, increasingly powerful kings consolidate power and wealth.

Intellectual

· Ideal of a “Renaissance Man”-one who had many areas of talent was promoted.

· Humanism-celebration of the individual in the here and now rather than the afterlife became important.

· Classicism- recovered and studied Greek and Roman writings.

· Efforts to introduce reason into theological debates results in the introduction of scholasticism in universities.

· Use of Latin in writing of scholars, lawyers and theologians, yet use of vernacular in literary works.

Artistic

· Unprecedented achievements in art, architecture, literature, and music.

Economic

· Growth of a middle class of professionals and merchants.

· Expansion of guilds as economic activists and organizers.

Religious

· Creation of the Christian Humanist movement-argued for religious reform of the church.

· Growing movement of individual piety brought about by individual study of the works of Christianity.

Growing secularism reflected in a concentration on living in the here and now as opposed to sole obsession about salvation as in the Middle Ages.

What was the relationship between Christianity, individualism, and growing secularism that began with the Renaissance? How did this relationship influence subsequent political developments?

· During the early 14th century southern Europe began experiencing a cultural and intellectual revival (the Renaissance) that later spread to northern Europe. One of the features of this revival was a greater interest and understanding of Greco-Roman ideas and learning, which resulted in a more secular view of the world. Christianity was not abandoned or ignored and many artists of the time still concentrated on religious themes and subjects along with secular or worldly matters. Another key feature of the Renaissance was the cultural development of humanism. Humanism emphasized that an individual’s thoughts and deeds were to be celebrated and that life in this world had importance and worth. This ran counter to the religious view that humans were tainted by sin and that the afterlife was more important.

· The Renaissance allowed for a questioning of religious ideas which later led to the Reformation, Scientific Revolution and eventually questioning the role of the king in the Enlightenment.

What are examples of how art, architecture, literature, music, and drama reflect the history of the cultures in which they are produced?

Art

David and St. George by Donatello (c.1386-1466)

David and Pieta by Michelangelo (1475-1564)

· Reflect realism, movement (contrapposto) and continued religious focus of early Renaissance art

· Revival of Greek idealism of human body

Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

portrait of Henry VIII by Hans Holbein (1497-1543)

· Reflects realism and individualism (humanism)

Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

The Wedding of the Virgin by Raphael (1483-1520)

· Shows use of linear perspective

School of Athens by Raphael (1483-1520)

St. Peter’s Basilica –architect-in-chief Michelangelo (1475-1564)

· Examples of Greek/ Roman influences

Literature

The Book of the Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione

· Addresses the makeup of a perfect courtier, and later that of the perfect lady

· Remains the definitive account of Renaissance court life

The Praise of Folly by Desiderius Erasmus

· Example of Christian Humanist writing

· Satirical examination of pious but superstitious abuses of Catholic doctrine and corrupt practices in parts of the Roman Catholic Church

· Reflects changes in thought about religion

Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer

· Tales and descriptions of the characters on a pilgrimage that presents critical portrait of English society at the time, and particularly of the Church

· Reflects changes in thought about religion

The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli

· Writing about political power reflects humanist influence

· Political treatise written by an Italian public servant and political theorist

· One of the first works of modern philosophy, in which pragmatic ends, as opposed to teleological concepts, are the purpose

Julius Caesar by Shakespeare

· Example of the revival of classical themes

· Tragic play about the conspiracy against the Roman dictator Julius Caesar, his assassination and its aftermath.

Expression of the concerns about succession of leaders in England

What was the impact of the printing press on the Renaissance and the Reformation in Europe?

Printing Press

· German inventor Johannes Gutenberg (1440) invented a printing press process that, with refinements and increased mechanization, remained the principal means of printing until the late 20th century. The inventor's method of printing from movable type, including the use of metal molds and alloys, a special press, and oil-based inks, allowed for the first time the mass production of printed books, which facilitate the spread of ideas in Europe and an increase in literacy.

The Reformation

Underlying Causes

· Corruption in the Catholic Church

· Resentment of church wealth by nobles

· Catholic Church viewed as being more concerned about money and power

· Dysfunction of having rival popes in 1300’s

· Invention of printing press helped to spread new ideas/ increase literacy

Immediate Cause

· Sale of indulgences-offers of forgiveness sold by the Catholic Church to reduce a soul’s time in Purgatory

· Reform efforts started in 1517 when German monk, Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses-list of grievances about the Catholic Church

Effects

· Luther was excommunicated and with support of local German nobles was protected

· Eventually Luther and followers broke from the Catholic Church founding the Lutheran Church

Changes in Thought

· Luther introduced the idea of salvation by grace-only God’s grace brought salvation as opposed to observance of ritual, good works and the power of the pope

· Protestant religious leaders allowed to marry

· Individuals could interpret scripture themselves

· Bible printed in common language

· Questioning of religious leaders paved the way for other changes that questioned political and social status quo

Other Reform Movements Started

· Calvinism started by French scholar John Calvin who established a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland, promoted the doctrine of predestination or idea that God had already determined from the beginning of time who would receive salvation.

· Anglican Church or Church of England started when Henry VIII declared England Protestant following his battle with the Pope to gain a divorce from Catherine of Aragon.

· Counter Reformation or Catholic Reformation, was launched by those loyal to Roman Catholicism which led to the Council of Trent where reforms to the Catholic Church were made, including creation of the Jesuits and reaffirmation of the Pope’s authority.

Religious Conflicts

· What started as a religious struggle became a political struggle between German nobles and the Church.

· Revival of the Inquisition, a court established in the 13th century to try cases of heresy, in an attempt to limit the spread of Protestantism by destroying the opposition, was most active in Spain, Portugal, and Italy, and continued in Spain until the 19th century.

From 1520-1640 religious wars were common in Western Europe, culminating in the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) which ended with territorial division between Catholic and Protestant Europe.

What was the political, intellectual, artistic, economic, and religious impact of the Reformation?

Impact of the Reformation

Political

· Political power of the Catholic Church diminished across Europe

· Monarchs who wanted the support of the Church to strengthen their power supported the Catholic Church

· Monarchs who resented the power of the Catholic Church chose to separate from the Church and supported Protestant reformers

· Henry VIII established the king of England as the head of the church and confiscated the wealth of the Catholic monasteries.

Intellectual

· Increased literacy as Protestant faiths focused on individual pursuit of scriptural truth

· Individuals could interpret scripture for themselves.

· Bible was printed in common language (vernacular).

· Questioning of Papal supremacy and church doctrine

· Jesuit missionaries brought back Chinese knowledge to Europe and idea of civil-service exams influenced European rulers.

Artistic

· Protestant reformers emphasized that churches should be stark and should not be adorned with symbols of riches.

Economic

· Less money is sent to the Pope in Rome, wealth is left for investment in business and or for royal households.

Religious

· Martin Luther introduced the ideas of salvation by faith alone granted by God’s grace. No amount of penance, good works, observing rituals or purchasing of indulgences could ensure salvation, only faith in God and his grace.