APUSH
Darnell
Domestic Policy/Issue Key Terms:
- New Frontier Agenda
- Role of Television in 1960s Election
- Warren Court Liberalism (Judicial Activism Turned Social Activism)
- Gideon v. Wainwright 1963
- Miranda v. Arizona 1965
- Roe v. Wade 1973
- Kennedy Assassination
- LBJ Continued Kennedy’s New Frontier Legislation
- Revenue Act 1964: tax cut to stimulate consumer spending
- 1964 Civil Rights Act
- Racial segregation in public facilities illegal
- Federal Government empowered to investigate constitutional rights vilolations
- Equal Employment Opportunities Commission
- Great Society Program
- Michael Harrington, The Other America 1962:
- Generational Poverty
- Isolated rural areas
- Inner-city slums
- “War on Poverty”
- Funded via tax revenues from corporate profits via 1964 Tax Revenue Act
- Economic Opportunity Act 1964
- Hand up not hand out
- Job Corps
- Head Start
- VISTA (domestic peace corps)
- Goal: End poverty and injustice
- Contrarian Conservative View
- Barry Goldwater
- Conscience of a Conservative 1960
- Bomb Vietnam
- Eliminate graduated income tax
- End New Deal/Great Society Social programs
- LBJ 1964 Landslide Victory Spurs Liberal Great Society Legislation
- Elementary and Secondary Education Act
- Medicare and Medicaid
- Housing and Urban Development Act
- Highway Safety Act 1966
- National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act 1966
- Higher Education Act 1965
- Clean Air Act 1963
- 1965 Immigration and Nationality Services Act
- Abolished national origin quotas
- Created hemispheric visa limits
- Allowed entry of immediate family members for American residents
- Legacy
- Triumphs
- Federal gov’t guarantee
- Civil rights
- Voting rights
- Personal Health
- Consumer Rights
- Educational Rights
- Environmental Protection
- Failures
- Costly
- Skyrocketing health care costs
- Increased individual dependence on gov’t
- Federal welfare payments not jobs reduce poverty
- Underfunding programs common
- Welfare fraud
- Middle class resentment fueled Conservative Resurgence
- Cost and waste
- Gov’t largesse
- Civil Rights
- Sit-ins
- Freedom Rides
- Integration of University of MS
- Letter from a Birmingham Jail
- Direct Action
- March on WA DC
- “I have a dream” Speech
- 1964 Civil Rights Act
- Freedom Summer
- SNCC
- 1965 Voting Rights Act
- Fed examiners empowered to register eligible voters
- Literacy tests illegal
- Black Power
- Shift civil rights movement from Rural South to Urban North
- National Race Riots 1965-1968
- Kerner Commission (National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders
- Stokely Carmichael
- Black Panther Party
- Malcolm X
- Nation of Islam
- MLK appealed to American citizen’s moral conscience
- Non-violent Christian integration
- X appealed to its fear of social revolution
- Urban black militancy
- Black separatism (similar to Garvey)
- Motivated Black Pride movement
- Forced civil rights focus shift to plight of black urban residents
- Anti-war Movement
- YOUTH REVOLT via Peace Corps and VISTA empowerment
- Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) 1960
- New Left Ideology
- Old Left of the 1930s
- Free Speech Movement
- Draft Opposition: dodging, deferments, conscience observer
- Radical Weathermen and Yippies (Youth International Party)
- Turn to radical ideals and violent actions killed New Left political movement
- Counter Culture Movement and Equal Rights Movement
- Descend from Beats Movement of 1950s
- Woodstock 1969
- Feminism
- The Feminine Mystique 1963
- National Organization of Women
- Title 9 of Educational Amendment
- Equal Rights Amendment
- Roe v. Wade 1973
- The Birth-Control Pill
- Hispanic Rights
- United Farm Workers
- Cesar Chavez
- La Raza Unida
- Native American Rights
- AIM
- Occupation of Alcatraz and Wounded Knee
- Gay Rights
- Stonewall Rebellion
- Gay Liberation Front
- Nixon’s Middle America
- Silent Majority: fed up with liberal politics and radical counterculture of 1960s
- Predominantly white, working class and middle-class
- Return law and order from permissiveness and anarchy
- Bristled at civil rights activism, rising taxes, social welfare programs
- Southern Strategy
- Sunbelt regions transformed by
- Air conditioning
- Population expansion (1970-1990 40% population growth)
- Business lured to region
- Climate
- Low cost of living
- Low taxes
- Conservative ideology
- Promotion of economic development
- Immigrants lured by
- Climate
- Low taxes
- Low labor unionization
- High economic growth rates
- Redneck Culture emerged as popular 1970s
- NASCAR
- Pick-up trucks
- BBQ
- Cowboy boots
- New conservative coalition
- Traditional democratic voting blocs:
- Blue-collar ethnic voters in North
- White southerners
- Nixon pledged
- appoints pro-southern justices to SC
- undermine integrated busing and affirmative-action
- lower taxes
- less government regulation
- Transformed the Solid Democratic South into a predominantly Republican South
- Nixon failed to effect more conservative brand of civil rights
- 1969 Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education: must bring quick end to segregation
- 1971 Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education: must bus students outside neighborhoods to achieve racial integration balance
- Limited victory in
- 1974 Milliken v Bradley no transfer inner city kids to suburbs
- 1978 Regents of UC v. Bakke: restricted use of college-admissions quotas to achieve racial balance
- Mainly reactionary and progressive initiatives emerged
- 26th amendment
- Social Security benefits extension
- OSHA 1970
- Federal Election Campaign Act 1971: reduced corporate political contributions
- Environmental Protection policies
- Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, 1962
- Clean Air Act 1970
- EPA formed
- Endangered Species Preservation Act
- Economic Malaise
- Stagflation: stagnant economic growth and price inflation
- Causes
- Vietnam War expense
- Great Society social welfare program expense without tax increase spurred
- Deficit, expansion of money supply and price inflation
- Stiff competition: West Germany and japan
- Cheap energy source dependent
- Oil Crisis 1973
- OPEC Embargo
- New worker increase
- Women and baby boomers
- 40% increase (30 million)
- Rising unemployment
- Decreased production
- Nixon Recession
- Raise taxes and cut budget
- Reduced money supply by Fed Reserve raising interest rate
- Voluntary wage and price controls encouraged
- Demise of the President
- 1972 Election Landslide
- Watergate
- CREEP
- US v. Nixon 1974: tested executive privilege
- Presidential Resignation
- Ford is the Unelected President
- Ford pardon’s Nixon
- WIN: Whip Inflation
- Washington Outsider Elected in 1976
- Carter revived New Deal voter coalition
- Southern whites, blacks
- Urban labor unionists
- Ethnic groups
Foreign Policy/Issue Key Terms:
- Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961
- Berlin Wall 1961
- Cuban Missile Crisis 1962
- Soviets Remove missiles from Cuba
- US public pledge to not invade Cuba
- US Remove missiles from Turkey
- Vietnam
- Roots of US Involvement
- French colonial re-establishment
- Battle of Dien Bien Phu
- 1954 Geneva Accords
- Declared Laos and Cambodia Neutral in Cold war
- Communist Pathet Lao
- Royal Laotian Army
- Required Vietnamese Elections by 1959
- Communist North Vietnam aid Pathet Lao and Viet Cong
- Ho Chi Minh Trail
- 1961 US Military Advisers Increase (Kennedy: 2K to 16K)
- US supports Ngo Dinh Diem (Republic of Vietnam Leader)
- Autocratic leader
- Monks Self-immolation
- Overthrow and murder of Diem by South Vietnam military
- Escalation: Americanize the War
- Tonkin Gulf Resolution 1964
- Operation Rolling Thunder (sustained bombing)
- Search and Destroy Operations
- Domino Theory Justification
- Growing Anti-war Movement
- Tet Offensive and My Lai massacre
- Turning point toward anti-war movement
- LBJ “I will not run” speech
- Focus turned to how best to withdraw US troops
- Student Anti-War demonstration at DNC Chicago
- Nixon: “peace with honor” pledge
- Nixon’s Withdrawal
- Peace with honor
- Vietnamization of the war
- Cambodian Incursion
- My Lai Massacre 1968
- Kent State Shooting 1970
- Pentagon Papers 1971
- Repeal of Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1970
- 1972 “Peas is at Hand” announcement to win votes
- Christmas Bombings
- 1973 Paris Peace Accords
- 1973 War Powers Act
- Freedom of Information Act strengthened requiring faster gov’t information flow
- Fall of Saigon 1975 and Communist Reunification
- No Domino theory Here
- Vietnam at war with Communists in Cambodia and China by 1978
- Nixon Doctrine
- Detente
- Selective partnerships with Communist countries in areas of mutual interest
- Visit to China 1971
- SALT
- Shuttle Diplomacy
- Middle East-Moscow-Israel-Egypt
- Yom Kippur War 1973 cease-fire
Ch 31 and 32:
Identifications:
- Warren Court Liberalism (case examples)
- 1964 Civil Rights Act
- The Other America, Michael Harrington
- The Great Society: economic, individual welfare, rural and urban aid
- Letter from a Birmingham Jail
- Selma March
- Freedom Summer
- Black Power
- Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
10. The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan
11. “The Silent Majority”’
12. The Burger Court’s Conservatism (case examples)
13. Nixon’s Environmental Policy
14. Stagflation
15. 1954 Geneva Accords
16. Cuban Missile Crisis
17. Tonkin Gulf Resolution
18. Tet Offensive
19. Kent State Shooting
20. Vietnamization (Nixon Doctrine)
21. War Powers Act
22. Détente
23. Shuttle Diplomacy
AVMS:
NY Times, May 11, 1973