D) Entry Into Residence to Effect Arrest 3

1. PRE-TRIAL 1

A. ARREST 1

1. GENERALLY 1

2. PROBABLE CAUSE 1

3. WARRANT 2

a) Probable Cause Determination 2

b) Particularity 3

c) Criminal Domestic Violence 3

d) Entry into Residence to Effect Arrest 3

(1) Generally 3

(2) Exceptions 4

4. AUTHORITY TO MAKE WARRANTLESS ARREST 5

a) Probable Cause Determination 5

b) Arrest by Police Officer 5

(1) Felony 5

(2) Misdemeanor 5

(3) Outside Jurisdiction 6

c) Public Place 7

d) Arrest by Private Citizen 7

5. ARREST OF WRONG PERSON 7

6. SEARCH INCIDENT TO ARREST 8

a) Generally 8

b) Protective Sweep 9

7. PROBATION REVOCATION WARRANTS 9

8. EFFECT OF ILLEGAL ARREST ON PROSECUTION 9

9. EXCLUSIONARY RULE 10

a) Suppression 10

(1) In General 10

(2) Confessions 10

(3) In-Court Identification 11

B. INVESTIGATORY DETENTIONS 11

1. STOP AND FRISK 11

a) Generally 11

b) “Frisk” 11

c) Automobiles 12

d) Reasonable Suspicion 13

e) Fleeing from Police 14

f) Anonymous Tip 14

g) Duration and Scope 14

2. CHECKPOINTS 15

a) Sobriety Checkpoint 15

b) Drivers’ Licenses and Registration Checkpoint 15

c) Narcotics Checkpoint 15

d) Investigatory Checkpoint 15

C. SEARCHES AND SEIZURES 15

1. REASONABLENESS 16

2. WHAT CONSTITUTES SEARCH AND SEIZURE? 17

a) Generally 17

b) Searches and Seizures Without Fourth Amendment Protection 18

(1) Private Searches 18

(2) Plain View 19

(3) Open Fields 21

(4) Jails 22

(5) Garbage 22

(6) Use of Dogs 22

(7) Non-U.S. Citizens and Their Property Outside U.S. Territory 22

3. SEARCHES NOT REQUIRING PROBABLE CAUSE 23

a) Consent Search 23

(1) Generally 23

(2) Who May Consent 23

(3) Consent after Fourth Amendment violation 24

(4) Voluntariness 25

(5) Scope of Consent 26

b) Search (Frisk) Incident to Stop. 27

c) Search Incident to Arrest. 27

d) Protective Sweep Incident to Arrest. 27

e) Inventory and Booking Searches. 27

f) "Special Needs" Search 28

g) Border Search 28

h) Search of Probationer 29

4. SEARCHES REQUIRING PROBABLE CAUSE 29

a) Warrant Searches 29

(1) Who May Issue Search Warrants? 29

(2) Warrant Requirements 29

(a) Neutral and Detached Magistrate 29

(b) Probable Cause Requirement 30

(i) Generally 31

(ii) Supplementation with Sworn Testimony 32

(iii) Information from Informants 33

(iv) Staleness of Information 35

(v) Challenging the Affidavit at Trial (Franks Hearing) 36

(d) Particularity 37

(e) Execution and Return 39

(f) Evidence of search warrant at trial 39

b) Warrantless Search 40

(1) Presumptively unreasonable 40

(2) Exceptions 40

(a) Probable Cause 40

(b) Exigent Circumstances 41

(d) Automobile Exception 43

(e) School Officials. 44

(f) Abandonment 44

(g) Other Exceptions 45

c) Intrusion into the Human Body 45

5. THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE 46

a) Standing 46

(1) Fourth Amendment Standing 46

(2) Standing to Challenge an Invalid Warrant 47

b) Purpose 48

c) Suppression Hearing 48

d) What Must Be Suppressed? 48

(1) Primary Evidence 48

(2) Fruit of the Poisonous Tree 48

e) Exceptions 49

(1) Independent Source Doctrine 49

(2) Inevitable Discovery Doctrine 49

(3) Good Faith 50

(4) Use of evidence for impeachment 51

(5) Parole Revocation Proceedings 52

D. IDENTIFICATION 52

1. RELIABILITY 52

a) Generally 52

b) Effect of Pretrial Identification on In-Court Identification. 53

c) Hearing to Determine Inadmissibility 54

d) Admissible Identifications 54

e) Inadmissible Identification 56

2. VIOLATION OF RIGHT TO COUNSEL AT PRETRIAL IDENTIFICATION 56

a) Generally 57

b) Effect on In-Court Identification 57

3. EFFECT OF ILLEGAL ARREST 58

E. CONFESSIONS 58

1. DETERMINING ADMISSIBILITY. 58

a) Hearing 59

b) Submission to jury 60

c) CORROBORATION RULE 60

2. VOLUNTARINESS 61

a) Generally 61

b) Requirement of Police Coercion 62

c) Totality of the Circumstances 62

(1) Factors to consider. 63

d) Subsequent Confession after Involuntary Confession 64

3. MIRANDA RIGHTS 64

a) Generally 64

b) Miranda Warnings 65

c) Custody Requirement 65

d) Interrogation Requirement 68

e) Who Must Give Warnings 69

f) Public Safety Exception 69

g) Assertion of Right to Remain Silent 69

h) Assertion to Right of Counsel 70

i) Waiver 71

(1) Sufficiency 71

(2) Burden 72

(3) Duration 73

(4) Subsequent Confessions after Unwarned Confession 73

(5) Use of Post-arrest, post-Miranda Silence 73

j) Use of Unwarned Confession for Impeachment 74

4. SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHT TO COUNSEL 74

5. RIGHT TO COPY OF STATEMENT. 76

6. CONFESSIONS FOLLOWING ILLEGAL ARREST. 76

7. CO-DEFENDANT'S CONFESSION 76

a) Admission against Co-defendant at Joint Trial 76

b) Redaction 77

8. THIRD-PARTY CONFESSIONS 77

F. BAIL BEFORE TRIAL 78

1. RIGHT TO BAIL 78

a) Capital Defendants 78

2. AMOUNT OF BAIL 78

3. STATUTES REGULATING BAIL 78

G. BAIL ON APPEAL 79

H. REPRESENTATION BY COUNSEL 79

1. GENERALLY 79

2. RIGHT TO COUNSEL 80

a) When Right Attaches 80

(1) Not Critical Stages 81

(2) Critical Stages 82

b) Procedure for Appointing Counsel 82

c) Representation by Non-Attorney 83

d) No Right to Hybrid Representation 83

(1) Rescission of Right to Self-Representation 84

(2) Pro Se Filings When Represented by Counsel 84

e) No Right to Choose Counsel 84

(1) Generally 84

(2) Continuance 85

f) Removal of counsel 85

3. WAIVER OF RIGHT TO COUNSEL 86

a) Pretrial Waiver 86

b) Waiver by conduct 86

(1) Non-indigent's Failure to Retain Counsel 86

(2) Failure to Appear and Keep in Touch 87

(3) During Trial 87

I. INDICTMENTS 87

1. GENERALLY 87

2. Sufficiency 88

a) Generally 88

b) Time 89

c) Description of Property 89

d) Victim's Name 90

e) Exceptions to Offense in Statute 90

f) Surplusage 90

g) Murder 90

(1) Sufficiency 90

(2) Capital Murder 91

h) Burglary 91

i) Robbery 91

j) Caption 92

(1) Generally 92

(2) Conflict between Caption and Body 92

(a) Defendant's Misnomers 93

k) Other Counts 93

3. Capital Defendant 93

4. JURISDICTION 94

a) Presentment 94

b) Multi-County Indictments 94

5. ADEQUACY OF GRAND JURY PROCEEDINGS 94

a) Composition of Grand Jury 95

(1) The defendant must establish that the group is one that is a recognizable, distinct class, singled out for different treatment under the laws, as written or as applied. 96

(2) The defendant must prove the degree of underrepresentation, by comparing the proportion of the group in the total population to the proportion called to serve as grand jurors, over a significant period of time. 96

(3) A selection procedure that is susceptible of abuse or is not racially neutral supports the presumption of discrimination raised by the statistical showing. Castaneda v. Partida, 430 U.S. 482, 97 S. Ct. 1272, 51 L. Ed. 2d 498 (1977); State v. George, 331 S.C. 342, 503 S.E.2d 168 (1998). 96

(4) Once the defendant has shown substantial underrepresentation of his group, he has made out a prima facie case of discriminatory purpose, and the burden then shifts to the State to rebut that case. State v. George, 331 S.C. 342, 503 S.E.2d 168 (1998). 96

6. MOTIONS TO QUASH THE INDICTMENT 96

a) Generally 96

b) Examples of Sufficient Grounds 96

c) Examples of Insufficient Grounds 97

7. MOTIONS TO AMEND 98

a) Generally 98

b) Examples of Prohibited Amendments 99

8. MOTIONS TO STRIKE 100

J. ARRAIGNMENT 100

1. GENERALLY 100

2. SUCCESSIVE TRIALS 101

3. SUPERSEDING INDICTMENTS 101

4. WAIVER OF ARRAIGNMENT/TRIALS IN ABSENTIA 101

K. PLEAS IN BAR 102

1. GENERALLY 102

2. DOUBLE JEOPARDY 102

a) Generally 102

b) Successive prosecutions 103

(1) Generally 103

(2) Retrial. 103

(3) Subsequent civil penalty 104

(4) Serial Prosecutions 105

c) Multiple Punishments 106

(1) Cumulative Punishment Authorized by Legislature 106

(2) Greater and Lesser-Included Offenses 106

3. SPEEDY TRIAL 107

a) Generally 107

b) Pre-Indictment Delay 108

c) Length of Delay 108

d) Reasons for Delay 108

e) Assertion of Right 109

f) Prejudice 109

L. GUILTY PLEA 109

1. No Constitutional Right to Plea 109

2. Requirements for guilty plea 109

M. COMPETENCY AND SANITY 110

1. GENERALLY 110

2. COMPETENCY TO STAND TRIAL 110

a) Generally 110

b) Statutory Authority 111

c) Burden of Proof 112

d) Guilty Plea 112

e) Procedure 112

f) Time 113

g) Constitutional and Evidentiary Issues 113

3. SANITY AT THE TIME OF OFFENSE 113

a) Generally 113

(1) Affirmative Defense 114

(2) Burden of Proof 114

(3) Evidence 114

(4) Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity 114

b) Guilty But Mentally Ill 115

(1) Generally 115

(2) Burden of Proof 115

(3) Sentencing 115

c) Funds for Experts 116

d) Caps on Fees 116

e) Privileged Communications 116

(1) Balancing Test 116

4. WAIVER OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS 117

5. CONFESSIONS 118

N. DISCOVERY 118

1. GENERALLY 118

a) Brady 118

(1) Disclosure 119

(2) Material 119

(a) Trial 119

(b) Guilty Plea 119

(3) Reasonable Probability 119

(4) Duty to Disclose 120

(5) Impeachment Evidence 120

b) Rule 5, SCRCrimP 120

(1) Generally 120

(2) Possession 121

(3) Continuing Duty to Disclose 121

(4) Failure to Comply with Request 121

2. FAILURE TO PRESERVE EVIDENCE 121

3. INFORMANTS 122

4. STATEMENTS 122

a) Oral Statement 123

b) Waiver of Rights Form 123

5. State Grand Jury Impanelment Documents 123

6. Psychological Evaluation of the Victim 123

O. MOTIONS FOR SEVERANCE 124

1. CO-DEFENDANTS 124

a) Generally 124

b) Grounds 124

2. MULTIPLE COUNTS 125

P. MOTIONS IN LIMINE 126

1. GENERALLY 126

2. EFFECT 126

3. IMPEACHMENT EVIDENCE 126

Q. RECUSAL 126

1. GENERALLY 126

2. CODE OF JUDICIAL CONDUCT 127

3. IMPROPER REMARKS 127

4. OTHER LITIGATION 127

R. RECANTING TESTIMONY 127

S. MOTIONS FOR CONTINUANCE 128

T. MOTIONS REGARDING PUBLICITY 128

1. CHANGE OF VENUE 128

2. "GAG ORDERS" 129

3. CLOSURE OF PROCEEDINGS 129

a) Generally 129

b) Objection to Closure 130

c) Exclusion of the Press 131

d) Preliminary Proceedings 131

U. CONSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES TO GRAND JURY AND PETIT JURY VENIRE 132

1. GRAND JURY: EQUAL PROTECTION 132

2. PETIT JURY: FAIR CROSS-SECTION 132

V. TRIAL IN ABSENCE 132

2. TRIAL PROCEEDINGS 133

A. PETITE JURY VENIRE QUALIFICATIONS 133

1. STATUTORY DISQUALIFICATIONS 133

2. EXEMPTIONS ON REQUEST BY JUROR 134

B. VOIR DIRE 134

1. SCOPE AND CONDUCT 134

a) Generally 135

b) Capital Cases 136

c) Specific inquiries 136

(1) Racial bias 136

(2) Other 137

2. CHALLENGES FOR CAUSE 137

a) Generally 137

b) Time 138

c) Grounds 138

(1) Bias and Prejudice 138

(2) Prior Knowledge 138

(3) Relationship to Victim or Witness 139

(4) Relationship to Police Officer 139

(5) Relationship to Counsel 139

(6) Co-defendant’s Jury 139

3. PEREMPTORY CHALLENGES 140

a) Generally 140

b) Number 140

c) Time 140

d) Batson 140

(1) Generally 140

(2) Who Can Challenge a Strike 141

(3) Prima Facie Case 142

(4) Racial or Gender Neutral Explanation 142

(5) “Mere Pretext” 142

(6) Examples 144

(a) Reasons Found Valid 144

(b) Reasons Found Invalid 144

(7) “Tainted” Approach 145

(8) Result 145

4. ALTERNATE JURORS 146

C. OPENING STATEMENTS 146

1. GENERALLY 146

2. TIMING 147

3. SCOPE 147

4. SOLICITOR'S COMMENTS 147

D. SEQUESTRATION OF WITNESSES 147

1. GENERALLY 147

2. ENFORCEMENT 148

E. ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE 148

1. GENERALLY 148

2. DEMONSTRATIVE EVIDENCE 149

a) Taped confessions 149

b) Photographs 150

(1) Generally 150

(2) Victim's body - in non-capital cases or guilt phase of capital cases 151

(3) Authentication 151

c) Videotape 152

(1) Crime scene 152

(2) Testimony of child witnesses and other special needs witnesses 152

(3) Confessions 152

(4) Interview with State’s witness 152

d) Closed Circuit Television 152

e) Tangible objects 153

(1) Chain of custody - fungible items 153

(2) Chain of custody - non-fungible items 154

(3) Connection to defendant 155

(4) Condition of evidence 156

f) Voice identification 157

3. BEST EVIDENCE 158

4. EVIDENCE OF DEFENDANT’S CHARACTER 159

a) Generally 159

b) Truth and veracity 160

c) Evidence relevant for other purposes 160

5. EVIDENCE OF OTHER BAD ACTS (LYLE) 160

a) Exceptions to inadmissibility 160

(1) Common Scheme or Plan. 161

b) Standard of proof 161

c) Relevance 161

d) Probative value 163

e) Harmless error 163

6. IMPEACHMENT EVIDENCE. 163

7. SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE 165

a) Generally 165

b) DNA evidence 166

c) Polygraph 166

d) Hypnosis 167

e) Statistics 168

f) Breathalyzer testing 169

g) Out-of-court tests or experiments 170

8. OPINION EVIDENCE 170

a) Lay Witnesses 170

(1) Generally 170

(2) Examples 171

b) Expert Testimony 171

(1) Generally 171

(2) Qualification 172

(3) Examples of Subjects for Expert Testimony 173

(4) Behavioral Science Expert Opinions in Sexual Abuse Case 174

(5) Bloodhounds 174

c) Court's Witness 175

9. HEARSAY 175

a) Definition 175

b) Non-Hearsay 176

(1) Not admitted to prove truth of matter asserted 176

(2) Rule 801(d)(1), SCRE. Prior Statement by Witness. 177

(a) Prior Inconsistent Statement 177

(b) Prior Consistent Statement 177

(d) Declaration by Victim of Criminal Sexual Conduct. 178

(3) Admission by Party-opponent. 178

(a) Party’s Own Statement 178

(b) Party Has Manifested an Adoption or Belief in Statement’s Truth. 179

c) Exceptions to Hearsay Rule: Availability of Declarant Immaterial. Rule 803, SCRE. 180

(1) Present Sense Impression. 180

(2) Excited Utterance. 180

(3) Then Existing Mental, Emotional, or Physical Condition. 181

(4) Statements for Purposes of Medical Diagnosis or Treatment. 182

(5) Recorded Recollection. 182

(6) Records of Regularly Conducted Activity. 183

(7) Absence of Entry in Records Kept in Accordance With the Provisions of Subsection (6). 183

(8) Public Records and Reports. 184

(9) Records of Vital Statistics. 184

(10) Absence of Public Record or Entry. 184

(11) Records of Religious Organizations. 185

(12) Records of Documents Affecting an Interest in Property. 185

(13) Statements in Documents Affecting an Interest in Property. 185

(14) Learned Treatises. 185

(15) Reputation Concerning Personal or Family History. 186

(16) Reputation as to Character. 186

(17) Judgment of Previous Conviction. 186

d) Exceptions to Hearsay: Declarant Unavailable. Rule 804, SCRE. 187

(1) Definition of Unavailability. Rule 804(a), SCRE. 187

(2) Hearsay Exceptions. Rule 804(b), SCRE. 187

(a) Former Testimony. 188

(b) Statement Under Belief of Impending Death. 188

(d) Statement of Personal or Family History. 190

e) Hearsay Within Hearsay. Rule 805, SCRE. 190

f) Attacking and Supporting Credibility of Declarant. Rule 806, SCRE. 190

10. PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATIONS 191

a) Attorney-Client 191

b) Husband-Wife 192

c) Priest-Penitent 193

d) Mental Health Professional - Patient 193

e) Physician-Patient 194

f) Probation Officer 194

g) Guardian ad Litem-Ward 195

11. JURY VIEW 195

12. RAPE SHIELD STATUTE 195

13. WRITTEN STATEMENTS MADE TO PUBLIC OFFICIALS 196

F. WITNESSES 197

1. COMPETENCY 197

a) Generally 197

b) Immunity or Leniency. 198

c) Minors 198

2. INVOKING FIFTH AMENDMENT PRIVILEGE 199

a) Calling witness who will invoke privilege 199

b) Witness Who Professes Innocence 199

c) Handwriting samples 199

d) Physical Characteristics 199

3. EXAMINATION 200

a) Testimony of child witnesses and other special needs witnesses 200

b) Direct Examination 200

c) Cross Examination 201

(1) Right to cross 201

(2) Scope 201

(3) Limitations on Scope 201

(4) Waiver 202

(5) Confrontation Clause 202

d) Re-direct 202

e) Re-cross 203

f) Reply Testimony 203

g) Examination by the Court 203

h) Minors in Sexual Abuse Cases 203

i) Pitting Witnesses 205

j) Writing Used to Refresh Memory 205

4. IMPROPER INTIMIDATION OF A WITNESS 206

5. IMPEACHMENT 206

a) Credibility Generally 206

b) Admissibility of Evidence Attacking Credibility 206

c) Character and Reputation 206

d) Prior Bad Acts 206

e) Prior Bad Acts of Defendant 207

f) Impeachment by Evidence of Conviction of Crime 207

g) Impeachment of Own Witness 208

h) Former Testimony 208

i) Unconstitutionally Seized Evidence 209

j) Collateral Matters 209

k) Prior Inconsistent Statement 209

6. EXPERT WITNESSES. 210

G. MOTIONS FOR MISTRIAL 210

1. GENERALLY 210

2. GROUNDS FOR MISTRIAL 211

a) Admission of Incompetent Evidence 211

b) Ex parte Communications 211

c) Outside Influences on Jury 212

d) Trial Publicity 212

e) Juror Misconduct 212

(1) Examples of Juror Misconduct 213

(a) Sleeping Juror 213

(b) Conducting Independent Research 214

(d) Contact with Outsiders 214

(e) Racial remarks 214

f) Information Undisclosed on Voir Dire 215

g) Solicitor’s Arguments 215

h) Prejudicial Comments by the Court 216

i) Jury Unable to Reach Verdict 216

3. CURATIVE INSTRUCTIONS 217

a) Incompetent Evidence 217

b) Improper Arguments 217

(1) Examples of Improper Arguments 218

c) Trial Publicity 220

H. DIRECTED VERDICT MOTIONS 220

1. Generally 220

2. Credibility of Witness as Issue 221

3. Corpus Delecti 221

I. RE-OPENING THE EVIDENCE 221

J. CLOSING ARGUMENT 222

K. MOTIONS TO ELECT 222

L. JURY CHARGES 222

1. GENERALLY 222

2. REQUESTS 223

3. CHARGE ON FACTS 224

4. OBJECTIONS TO THE CHARGE 225

5. RESPONSE TO JURY QUESTIONS 225

6. REASONABLE DOUBT 225

7. PRESUMPTIONS 226

a) Generally 226

b) Malice 226

8. INTENT 226