Chapter 4 Convergence and Conflict, 1660S-1763

Chapter 4

ENGLISH COLONIES IN AN
AGE OF EMPIRE 1660–1763

Chapter Summary

Chapter 4 explores the transformation of the colonies’ relationship with Britain between 1660 and the end of the French and Indian War. The closeness between mother country and colonies during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries is examined with a look at such issues as the British imperial trade system, cultural and social connections between Britain and the colonies, and the nature of political thought in the colonies and Britain. By the mid-eighteenth century, tensions mount with renewed competition in North America among Britain, France, and Spain. The chapter ends by examining imperial warfare in the eighteenth century—with a special emphasis on the French and Indian War and its impact on relations between the colonies and Britain.

I. Economic Development and Imperial Trade in the British Colonies

A. The Regulation of Trade

B. The Colonial Export Trade and the Spirit of Enterprise

C. The Import Trade and Ties of Credit

D. Becoming More Like England: The Growth of Cities and Inequality

1. Artisans in colonial cities

2. The growing gap between rich and poor

II. The Transformation of Culture

A. Goods and Houses

B. Shaping Minds and Manners

C. Colonial Religion and the Great Awakening

III. The Colonial Political World

A. The Dominion of New England and the Limits of British Control

B. Salem Witchcraft

C. The Legacy of the Glorious Revolution

D. Diverging Politics in the Colonies and Great Britain

IV. Expanding Empires

A. British Colonists in the Backcountry

B. The Spanish in Texas and California

C. The French along the Mississippi and in Louisiana

V. A Century of Warfare

A. Imperial Conflict and the Establishment of an American Balance of Power, 1689–1738

B. King George’s War Shifts the Balance, 1739–1754

C. The French and Indian War, 1754–1760: A Decisive Victory

D. The Triumph of the British Empire, 1763

VI. Conclusion

Learning Objectives

After a careful examination of Chapter 4, students should be able to answer the following:

1. What were the goals of British trade policy?

2. How did new intellectual and religious trends reshape colonial culture?

3. How did the “Glorious Revolution” affect politics?

4. What was the “backcountry”? Who settled there and why?

5. What role did the colonists play in the French and Indian War?

CHAPTER 4: ENGLISH COLONIES IN AN AGE OF EMPIRE, 1660s–1763

Multiple Choice

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND IMPERIAL TRADE IN THE BRITISH COLONIES

1. George Washington’s family plantation was located in:

2. Martha Washington’s last name prior to marrying George was:

3. In the 1700s, the most advanced economic power in Europe was:

4. England’s economic system between 1651 and 1733 could best be described as:

5. The Navigation Act of 1651 required that all:

6. In the eighteenth century, which of the following had the highest export share of manufactured products?

7. Which product was the most important colonial export?

8. Which region was the predominant exporter of sugar?

9. Which region was the predominant exporter of tobacco?

10. By the middle of the eighteenth century, nearly one-half of New England’s exports went to:

11. Other than rice, what was South Carolina’s most important crop?

12. When a combination of poor harvests and warfare in Europe created demand, many colonial farmers diversified by producing this crop:

13. Which colonial region dominated transatlantic shipping?

14. Merchants brought sugar byproducts back to New England to be distilled into:

15. English merchants ________ credit to colonists.

16. Colonial manufacturing took place primarily in:

17. Once an apprentice completed his training, he became a:

18. During the eighteenth century, the gap between the rich and poor in the colonies:

THE TRANSFORMATION OF CULTURE

19. Eighteenth-century America imported ______ English manufactured goods than it did previously.

20. Courtesy books:

21. Literacy rates among eighteenth-century colonists were:

22. Thinkers during the Age of Enlightenment stressed:

23. Of the following, the man who made the greatest scientific contributions was:

24. Colonists who could read were most likely to read:

25. All of the following established the Puritan religion as the official religion EXCEPT:

26. Most Congregationalist ministers were trained at:

27. The Halfway Covenant allowed whom to be baptized?

28. A 1691 royal charter granted “liberty of conscience” to:

29. Which established church dominated the Middle Colonies?

30. The Great Awakening referred to a renewed interest in:

31. George Whitefield belonged to the clergy of which religion?

32. Jonathan Edwards’ preaching style could be best described as:

33. Those converted in religious revivals were called:

THE COLONIAL POLITICAL WORLD

34. What was one of the political legacies of the Great Awakening?

35. After 1685, the English government took _______ direct interest in colonial affairs.

36. What was the name of the body formed in 1675 to oversee colonial affairs?

37. Who succeeded Charles II to the English throne?

38. Maine was originally part of which colony?

39. William of Orange took over the throne of England after the:

40. Who did King James put into power to govern the Dominion of New England?

41. The Bill of Rights passed by the British Parliament in 1689 declared that:

a. future monarchs were to be bound by the rule of law.

b. colonists had the same rights as those living in England.

c. all subjects retained the freedom of religion.

d. none of the above

42. Landholding in America was ________ than in England.

a. more concentrated

b. more widespread

c. less widespread

d. more concentrated in the hands of an aristocracy

43. Colonial governments could be best described as involving:

44. Governors exercised ________ power over colonial assemblies.

EXPANDING EMPIRES

45. During the first half of the eighteenth century, England’s holdings in America:

46. Of the following, which group was not relied on by Spain and France to stake their claims to American territory?

47. Which region’s population had the highest proportion of English settlers in 1760?

48. In the early eighteenth century, this group controlled California and Texas.

49. The chapel San Antonio de Valero later came to be known as:

50. In the 1760s, the Spanish feared that ________ might gain a foothold in California.

51. Which country established fur trading posts in Alaska by the 1760s?

A CENTURY OF WARFARE

52. England fought against which country in the War of the League of Augsburg?

53. A funded debt is a debt:

54. Which of the following wars brought the most decisive gains for Britain?

55. The Seven Years’ War in Europe was known in the American colonies as:

56. This strain of thought stressed the threats that a standing army and powerful state posed to personal liberty.

57. In the Grand Settlement of 1701, the Iroquois pledged neutrality with respect to England and:

58. King George’s War was known in Europe as _______.

59. Who put forth the Albany Plan of Union?

60. Which British general led an attack against Fort Duquesne?

61. The French and Indian War:

62. In the French and Indian War, the French had initial successes using:

63. In the 1763 Treaty of Paris, France retained:

64. Which British Secretary of State directed the country’s war effort from 1757 to 1761?

Chronology

65. Which of the following happened first?

a. James II becomes king of England

b. Glorious Revolution

c. Queen Anne’s War

d. King George’s War

66. Which of the following happened last?

a. Queen Anne’s War

b. King William’s War

c. Charles II becomes king of England

d. Great Awakening begins

Short Essays

67. In what ways did Enlightenment thinking break down the importance of organized religion?

68. How did the Great Awakening affect people’s political views?

69. How did political representation differ in the colonies and in England?

70. Describe the relationship backcountry settlers had with the Indians.

71. Describe the importance of shipping to the New England economy.

Extended Essays

72. Describe the role of taxation in the development of colonial notions of personal liberties.

73. Analyze the role British styles and culture played for colonial elites and commoners.

74. Analyze the effects of the mercantilist economic system. Who benefited, who was hurt, and why?

75. Analyze why the colonists rejected the Albany Plan of Union.