Chapter 26: The New Power Balance, 1850–1900 239
Chapter 26
The New Power Balance, 1850–1900
Use the following to answer questions 1-19:
Key Terms
1. Commodore Matthew Perry
2. railroads
3. submarine telegraph cables
4. steel
5. electricity
6. Thomas Edison
7. Victorian Age
8. “separate spheres”
9. socialism
10. labor unions
11. Karl Marx
12. anarchist
13. nationalism
14. liberalism
15. Giuseppe Garibaldi
16. Otto von Bismarck
17. Empress Dowager Cixi
18. Meiji Restoration
19. Yamagata Aritomo
20. New technologies in the latter half of the nineteenth century revolutionized everyday life and transformed the world's economy. What were some of those new technologies, and how did they affect society?
21. Why did the populations of Euro-American cities grow so fast between 1850 and 1914, and how did technological transformation in those cities affect urban life?
22. Describe the origins and aims of labor movements and socialist politics in the late nineteenth century.
23. Describe the lives of upper-, middle-, and working-class women in English-speaking countries between 1850 and 1914.
24. Describe the role of nationalism in the creation of Germany, both before and after 1871. Include a summary of liberal and conservative nationalism in your answer.
25. Explain the reasons for mass migrations during the late nineteenth century.
26. Compare and contrast the influence of Europe and the United States on China and Japan between 1850 and 1914.
27. What were the immediate and the long-term results of the Tokugawa Shogunate's response to the threat of Euro-American invasions?
28. What metal is a special form of hardened and strengthened iron?
29. How was ocean shipping transformed by the mid-nineteenth century?
A) There were more efficient, powerful engines.
B) The average size of freighters increased from 200 to 7,500 tons.
C) Steel replaced wooden hulls.
D) Propellers replaced paddle wheels.
E) All of these
30. The “annihilation of time and space,” extolled by the public and the press, referred especially to
A) the development of aircraft.
B) submarine telegraph cables.
C) transcontinental railroads.
D) the science fiction musings of H. G. Wells.
E) an accurate clock.
31. Most railways were built by European or American engineers with equipment from the West. The exception to this was in
A) Japan.
B) China.
C) Mexico.
D) the Orient Express.
E) Russia.
32. The largest railway network in the world at the end of the nineteenth century was in
A) Great Britain.
B) Canada.
C) Mexico.
D) Japan.
E) the United States.
33. The chemical dye industry hurt tropical nations such as India because
A) of those nations' textile industries.
B) the industry exploited workers in those countries.
C) those nations grew the most indigo.
D) of the environmental impact of dye factories.
E) Indians and other tropical peoples could not afford chemical dyes.
34. Industrial chemistry was a great advantage to Germany because Germany
A) controlled the sources for the raw materials.
B) was the most innovative nation at that time.
C) allowed the government to support those industries.
D) had the most advanced scientific institutions.
E) was forbidden to do military research.
35. The most prominent early use of electric current was
A) in steel making.
B) for lighting.
C) for telegraph systems.
D) in the chemical dye industry.
E) the electric chair.
36. The negative environmental effects of nineteenth-century industrialization included all of the following except
A) smoke and particulate matter polluting the air.
B) large piles of waste product and slag left behind.
C) chemical and dye materials dumped into the rivers.
D) deforestation and reduction of agriculture for areas used for mining coal, iron, and limestone.
E) depletion of the ozone layer.
37. By 1900, the nation that controlled the majority of the world's trade and finances was
A) Germany.
B) Great Britain.
C) Russia.
D) the United States.
E) Austria.
38. The increase in the number of Europeans overseas was largely due to
A) a drop in the death rate.
B) epidemic disease in Europe.
C) famine and starvation.
D) plague spreading in Europe.
E) the abolition of serfdom in Russia.
39. Which of the following is not one way that cities in industrial nations changed their character in the nineteenth century?
A) Railroads with regular schedules brought food and commuters into the cities to work.
B) Police and fire departments were created.
C) Poverty virtually disappeared.
D) City planning was used.
E) Sanitation improved and death rates decreased.
40. The most important urban technological innovation was
A) gas lamps for lighting.
B) electric streetcars and subways.
C) paved roadways for transport and travel.
D) pipes for water and sewage.
E) apartment buildings.
41. The growth of towns and cities was made easier by railways, creating the commuter society. This affected primarily which class?
A) Students traveling to universities
B) Missionaries seeking to evangelize
C) Middle-class entrepreneurs escaping to country estates on the weekend
D) Working-class laborers in the suburbs
E) The wealthy, who could afford train tickets
42. The Victorian Age refers to rules of behavior and family wherein
A) marriage was an economic contract between male and female.
B) men and women began to share equally the duties of child-rearing.
C) the home was idealized as a peaceful and loving refuge.
D) male and female children were educated away from the family in boarding schools.
E) women were finally encouraged to work outside the home.
43. Late-nineteenth-century Victorian morality dictated that men and women
A) belong in factories.
B) belong in comparable social spheres.
C) belong in “separate spheres.”
D) should be involved in politics.
E) should be in a competitive relationship.
44. Families were considered middle class only if they
A) had a second home.
B) were college-educated.
C) did not work with their hands.
D) owned their own horses.
E) employed a full-time servant.
45. Care and support of the new infrastructure by municipal governments included all of the following except
A) police protection.
B) fire protection.
C) garbage removal.
D) health inspectors.
E) homeowner's associations.
46. When the typewriter and telephone were first used in business in the 1880s,
A) businessmen found that they were ideal tools for women workers.
B) only men could use them.
C) they created new jobs for immigrant workers.
D) widespread job losses resulted.
E) they were a failure because people feared new inventions.
47. Why were women considered well suited for teaching jobs?
A) Women refused to do most other types of work.
B) They were better educated than men.
C) Men were needed in factory work.
D) Teaching was an extension of the duties of Victorian mothers.
E) Teaching was considered unimportant.
48. Some women sought satisfaction outside of the home and became involved
A) in working as volunteer social workers or nurses.
B) in organizing reform movements to curtail alcohol, prostitution, and child labor.
C) in working for women's suffrage.
D) All of these
E) None of these
49. Urban planning methods in replacing old, crowded cities included
A) organizing neighborhoods according to immigrant nationality.
B) laying out new cities on rectangular grids.
C) maintaining traditional streets to appeal to national historical memory.
D) creating “planned communities” with all amenities within walking distance of miniature villages.
E) removing vestiges of medieval town halls.
50. Which of the following is not one way that working-class women earned money to support the family?
A) Doing piecework such as sewing and making lace, hats, or gloves
B) Doing laundry for people
C) Taking in boarders
D) Doing domestic service or factory work
E) Teaching
51. What ideology questioned the sanctity of private property?
A) Capitalism
B) Socialism
C) Manichaeism
D) Mercantilism
E) Liberalism
52. The nineteenth-century movement that defended workers against their employers was
A) Social Darwinism.
B) liberalism.
C) the labor union movement.
D) millenarianism.
E) the Wobblies.
53. Karl Marx defined “surplus value” as the
A) appropriate profit of business.
B) difference between wages and the value of goods.
C) proper cost of goods in the marketplace.
D) amount that business owners were able to put into the bank.
E) sum total of all goods and services produced in a country.
54. The goal of the International Working Man's Association was to
A) overthrow the bourgeoisie.
B) eventually become the Communist Party.
C) end the laziness and inherent sloth of the worker.
D) teach that the poor are deemed to stay poor by natural law.
E) spread industrialism to nondeveloped countries.
55. Workers around the world primarily sought change
A) by participating in the political system through voting.
B) by overthrowing political institutions.
C) by changing jobs.
D) through radical socialist ideology.
E) by striking.
56. According to Marx, the end of worker exploitation would occur when
A) “scientific socialism” was proven by the intellectuals.
B) war broke down barriers of nationalism and included colonist countries.
C) free democracy replaced all entrenched monarchies in Europe.
D) workers tired of being “have-nots” and rose up in violent opposition to their oppressors.
E) war broke out and the Western industrialized, Christian world conquered the East.
57. The most influential idea of the nineteenth century was
A) Darwinism.
B) liberalism.
C) existentialism.
D) authoritarianism.
E) nationalism.
58. Which of the following was not an idea of liberalism?
A) The sovereignty of the people
B) The need for a constitutional government
C) Freedom of expression
D) The need for a national parliament
E) Equality for all peoples
59. Who was the most famous early-nineteenth-century nationalist?
A) Giuseppe Mazzini
B) Gavrilo Princip
C) Cecil Rhodes
D) Emma Goldman
E) John D. Rockefeller
60. The revolutions of 1848 convinced politicians that
A) use of the media was the most important tool in swaying public sentiment.
B) rubber bullets were an effective deterrent to rioters.
C) they couldn't keep the people out of politics forever.
D) democracy was an unworkable system.
E) the common person should never participate in politics.
61. Bismarck's plan to unite most German-speaking people into a single state focused on using
A) liberalism and language.
B) industry and nationalism.
C) religion and conservatism.
D) ethnicity and race.
E) democracy and liberalism.
62. Bismarck gave the vote to all adult males in order to
A) counteract the wealth of the aristocracy.
B) ensure the equality of German elections.
C) weaken the influence of middle-class liberals.
D) guarantee the loyalty of the army.
E) make a show of limiting his own power.
63. The event that epitomized societal divisions in France was the
A) creation of the Eiffel Tower.
B) invasion of Sardinia.
C) case of Captain Alfred Dreyfus.
D) trial of Sacco and Vanzetti.
E) unification of Italy.
64. A significant point of dispute between France and Germany was
A) Germany's seizure of Alsace and Lorraine.
B) Germany’s assault on French naval supremacy.
C) Germany's desire that France get out of Africa.
D) Germany’s support for Alfred Dreyfus.
E) France’s insistence that Strasbourg speak French.
65. The British nineteenth-century attitude toward Europe has been called a policy of
A) “splendid isolation.”
B) arrogance and conceit.
C) ”laissez-faire.”
D) “divide and conquer.”
E) “ignorance is bliss.”
66. Why did nationalism fail to unify Russia and Austria-Hungary?
A) Their empires never developed public education.
B) Their empires included many ethnic and language groups.
C) Their empires did not have a national anthem or flag.
D) Their empires were too far away from states with new exciting ideas.
E) Their economies were too poor.
67. A significant source of conflict between Russia and Austro-Hungary was
A) Austria’s attempts to dominate the Balkans, which undercut Russia’s role as “protector” of the Slavic peoples.
B) Austro-Hungary eyeing territories along the Black Sea in anticipation of the demise of the Ottomans.
C) Austrian annexation of Albania.
D) Austria trying to dominate Christians in the Ottoman Empire, which Russia felt was its domain because of Orthodoxy.
E) Austria declaring an open-border policy to Jews escaping Russian persecution.
68. One direct result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904–1905 was the
A) humiliation of the outdated Japanese military and the stripping of Japanese colonies in Asia.
B) acquisition of colonies in Africa.
C) popular revolt that forced the creation of the Duma and a new constitution.
D) overthrow of the Russian tsar.
E) overthrow of the Japanese emperor.
69. The early-twentieth-century Chinese plan for reform was the
A) Mandate of Heaven.
B) “self-strengthening movement.”
C) Cixi reforms.
D) imperial restoration.
E) Great Leap Forward.
70. In Tokugawa Japan, the political power rested in the hands of the
A) bureaucracy.
B) shoguns.
C) emperor.
D) peasantry.
E) merchants.
71. The biggest weakness of the Tokugawa Shogunate was an inability to resist invasion; therefore,
A) the shogun instituted military reforms.
B) the bureaucracy proposed a centralized government.
C) the emperor proposed intense military training.
D) Japan closed its border to foreigners.
E) Japan welcomed foreigners and learned from them instead.
72. Who demanded that Japan open its ports for refueling and trade?
A) Robert Clive
B) Matthew Perry
C) Cecil Rhodes
D) Tsar Nicholas
E) Benjamin Disraeli
73. The Treaty of Kanagawa of 1854
A) was modeled on the unequal treaties that the West had with China.
B) opened Japan and Korea to the United States.
C) settled the Opium War.
D) put an end to the Taiping Rebellion.
E) put an end to the Sepoy Mutiny.
74. Leaders of Meiji Japan planned to remain free from Western imperialism by
A) negotiating with Western diplomats.
B) restricting Western access to Japan.
C) keeping out all foreign influences.
D) becoming a world-class industrial power.
E) using propaganda to make Japanese people hostile to Westerners.
75. The Meiji rulers sought to strengthen Japan by
A) attacking the United States naval bases in Korea.
B) embracing foreign ideas, institutions, and techniques.
C) defeating Russia in the Russo-Japanese War.
D) rejecting all foreign ideas and restoring traditional Japanese customs.
E) increasing family values.
76. The Meiji transformed the government and incorporated
A) European practices in government, education, industry, and popular culture.
B) Chinese practices in government, education, industry, and popular culture.
C) Korean practices in government, education, industry, and popular culture.
D) Russian practices in government, education, industry, and popular culture.
E) only Japanese practices.
77. One of the most significant reforms undertaken by Japan’s Meiji oligarchs was
A) building a military aristocracy.
B) opening schools to train Japanese students in Western science and technology.
C) limiting the power of the emperor.
D) adopting Marxist economic policies.
E) All of these
78. Once government-owned industries in Japan became profitable,
A) the profits were used to subsidize farmers.
B) the company was turned over to workers' control.
C) they were sold to private investors.
D) they were placed under the military.
E) they were divided into shares and given to the poorest Japanese citizens.
79. Japan's plan for imperialism as defined by Yamagata Aritomo was to
A) impose Japanese military domination over the world.
B) conquer India.
C) control the Aleutian Islands.
D) control a “sphere of influence” to include Manchuria, Korea, and part of China.
E) follow the lead of the United States and pursue Manifest Destiny.
80. The Boxer Uprising was a series of riots