Chapter 14 Section 1 Imperialism in Asia
n Many European nations wanted raw materials from Asia and Africa like oil, tin, rubber
n Imperialism-extension of a nation’s power over other lands
n European countries want direct control over territories
n Also rivalries over which European nation over prestige and power; also racism and social Darwinism
n Some thought Europeans had a duty to spread Christian message
Great Britain
n Founded colony in Singapore
n Colonized Burma (Myanmar)
n Also controlled part of India
France
n Christian missionaries in Vietnam; internal rivalries led to divide in Vietnam (north and south)
n 1884 Vietnam is French Protectorate-depends on another country for protection
n 1887 France controls Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, and Laos
Thailand
n King Mongkut and King Chulalongkorn were able to maintain independence
n They promoted western learning and had friendly relations with European countries
n Thailand was between British and French possessions
United States
n U.S. won Spanish-American War and took Philippines
n Filipinos wanted independence; Emilio Aguinaldo fought U.S. but lost
Colonial Economies
n Indirect rule-colonial powers worked with local officials; convenient, cost less
n When local elites resisted this, there was direct rule-local elites removed and replaced with officials from mother country; ex: Britain abolished monarchy is Burma and administered through its government in India
n Wanted raw materials: Burma-teak wood; Malaya-rubber and tin; East Indies-spices, tea, coffee palm oil; Philippines-sugar
n Plantations owned by foreign investors; natives work farms and are very poor; thousands died, had to pay taxes to colonial governments
n Did start modern economic system; built railroads, highways, export market
Resistance to Colonial Rule
n Burma’s monarch fought west
n Vietnam government officials fought French control
n Peasant revolts led by Buddhist monk Saya San in Burma
n New urban middle class forms due to western education, worked in jobs connected to colonial regimes
n Some educated students began to protest British persecution of Buddhism and failure to observe local customs in Buddhist temples
n By 1930s many resistance movements demand independence
Chapter 14 Section 2 Imperialism in Africa
- 1800-1900 virtually all of Africa under European control
- 1890s-Slavery abolished by all major countries
- British make settlements on the Gold Coast and Sierra Leone
- 1874 Britain annexed west coastal states called Gold Coast
- By 1900 France takes lots of West Africa
- Germany controls parts of SW Africa and E Africa
North Africa
- 1805 Muhammad Ali officer in Ottoman Empire, seizes Egypt from Ottomans and makes it a separate state
- He modernizes army, sets up schools, sets up some industry
- Nile River Valley is still very important
- 1854 French man Ferdinand de Lesseps signed contract to start building of the Suez Canal
- Britain buys Egypt’s share in the canal; Egyptian army revolts; Egypt becomes British protectorate in 1914
- Britain (after strong resistance) takes the Sudan
- 1879 French control region of Algeria; later French control Tunisia and Morocco
- Italy tries to take Ethiopia but is defeated; Italy humiliated!
- Italy invades Turkish Tripoli and names it Libya
Central Africa
- David Livingstone explored Africa for 30 years; he goes missing; Henry Stanley hired to find him. He finds him and later after Livingstone dies, Stanley still explores, but dislikes Africa; explores Congo River Basin and encourages British to sent settlers there; they don’t so he asks Belgium’s King Leopold II
- Belgium sets up colonies around the Congo
East Africa
- 1885 Britain and Germany rivals in East Africa; Bismark didn’t like colonies but did it for popularity
- British get part of East Africa
- Berlin Conference conflicts are settled 1885 over land in East Africa; Africans are not present, Portugal gets Mozambique
South Africa
- Descendants of Dutch called Boers or Afrikaners occupied Cape Town South Africa since 1600s
- British seize these lands and call it Cape Colony; Dutch leave and go north and make two new settlements and put many of the indigenous people on reservations (believed in white superiority)
- Boers had battles with Zulu people; Zulu win at first; eventually British get involved and the Zulu are defeated
- British man Cecil Rhodes found diamond and gold companies in named a part of Southern Africa Rhodesia after himself
- Became British prime minister of Cape Colony but is forced to resign when British find out he is planning on overthrowing Boer government
- Boer war happens anyway 1899-1902 British win; British create Union of South Africa that combined Cape Colony and Boer republics; only whites and a few Africans who owned property voted
Colonial Rule in Africa
- Liberia was created as a homeland for freed U.S. slaves
- Ethiopia was free
- Indirect rule is big with British; they basically tell local leaders what to do; kept old African elite in power, young talented Africans were kept out
- Other nations use Direct Rule; French appointed a governor-general; wanted to assimilate Africans into French culture and not preserve African culture; Africans could run for office and serve in higher positions in colonial administration
Rise of African Nationalism
- Africans educated in colonial schools
- Some like western culture and want to introduce it into their communities; others hate it; did not apply democratic value to African societies
- Poor Africans suffered at the hands of the Europeans
- Middle class Africans were paid less for the same jobs as Europeans and didn’t get good government jobs
- Europeans created segregated clubs, schools, and churches
- Many African intellectuals hate colonial rule and want to assert their own nationality
- Early 20th century, native Africans began to organize political parties and movements to end foreign rule.
Chapter 14 Section 3 British Rule in India
Sepoy Mutiny
¡ 1700s Sir Robert Clive has defeated Moguls in India and taken parts of India for the British
¡ British East India Company controls many political and military affairs
¡ Hired Indian soldiers-sepoys protect company’s interests
¡ Indians rebel-Sepoy Mutiny; Indians call it the first War of Independence
¡ Rumors that sepoys bullets greased with cow fat (sacred to Hindus); they refuse to load rifles and British arrest them; they kill 50 European men, women, children
¡ Revolts spread; British crush rebellion
¡ Indians outnumber British 230k to 40k, but not well organized
¡ At Kanpur-Indians kill 200 women and children in the House of Ladies; British recapture Kanpur and execute the Indians
¡ Power goes from the East Indian Company to the British government
¡ 1876 Queen Victoria known as Empress of India
Colonial Rule’s Benefits
¡ British rule through viceroy-representative of monarch; rule 300million people
¡ Brought order and stability; honest and efficient government
¡ Government and army training program for kids, but only elite kids
¡ Brought railroads, telegraph, postal service, passenger trains
Colonial Rule Costs
¡ British manufactured goods destroyed local industry
¡ Zaminders collected taxes; took advantage of their power
¡ British encouraged Indians to grow cotton; population grows, not enough food; 30 million Indians die of starvation between 1800-1900
¡ Best jobs given to Britons; Indians not considered equals
¡ Taj Mahal became a site for English weddings; some guests chipped off pieces with hammers for souveniers
Indian Nationalist Movement
¡ Indian National Congress was formed – demanded a share in governing
¡ Muslims create separate league
¡ 1915 Mohandas Gandhi returns from South Africa; he studied law in London; active in independence movement;
¡ Gandhi set up resistance based on nonviolence which eventually leads to Indian Independence
Colonial Indian Culture
¡ British college in Calcutta; publishing house opened
¡ Science, western literature, grammar studied
¡ Indian novelists write romances and epics
¡ Rabindranath Tagore- famous writer concerned with moral issues; promoted Indian pride; Indian Nationalist; his life’s work was for peace, dignity and mutual understanding between east and west
Chapter 14 Section 4 Nation Building in Latin America
Latin American Classes
► Social classes in Latin America
► Peninsulares-top; had important positions; they were temporarily in Latin America from Europe
► Creoles-second class, controlled land and business
► Mestizos-laborers and servants
Revolts in Mexico and Haiti
► 1804-Toussaint-Louverture took Haiti
► Miguel Hidalgo-wanted to free Mexico from Spanish; he starts rebellion but loses and is sentenced to death
► The first day of his uprising is Sept. 16, 1810 known as Mexican Independence Day
► Hidalgo’s follower – Jose Morelos captured Acapulco but was caught and executed
► Conservative elites start their own leader Augustin de Iturbide
► 1821 Iturbide emperor
► 1823 Mexico is a republic
Revolts in South America
► Jose de San Martin (Argentina) and Simon Bolivar (Venezuela) started revolutions in South America
► These struggles for independence lead to others in South America
► San Martin starts in Argentina but also starts revolution in Chile and Peru; Bolivar joins in Peru
► 1822 Brazil declared independence from Portugal
► Central America independent in 1823 and divided into 5 republics in 1838
► Concert of Europe-want Spanish to control Latin America
► British and U.S. want Latin American independence
► U.S. president James Monroe issues Monroe Doctrine in 1823 guaranteeing L.A. independence and warned against European intervention in the Americas
► Also British navy was threatening to other European countries
► Independence led to loss of people, property, and livestock
► Boundary disputes, jungles, poor roads, national unity difficult
► Latin America economically dependent on Western nations
Rule of Caudillos
► New nations were republics but “strong men” caudillos came to power; they had military support
► Some modernized, built roads, canals etc others destructive
► Santa Anna in Mexico misused money, created chaos; American settlers in Mexican state of Texas revolted; Texas gains independence and joins U.S. in 1845 (Mexican-American War)
► Next Mexican leader Benito Juarez, national hero-started education system, gave land to poor and separation of church and state
► When Caudillos died, civil war often started
New Imperialism
► Britain dominates Latin American economies
► L.A. supplies raw materials to Europe and U.S.; were like colonies of western nations
► Latin America dominated by landed elites; Ex: Navarro family in Mexico owned 16 million acres
► Elites ran government had cheap labor
► Masses experienced poverty
Political Change in Latin America
► After 1870 L.A. writes constitutions similar to U.S. constitution
► As a result of Spanish-American war, Cuba is U.S. protectorate; Puerto Rico annexed by U.S.
► 1903 U.S. supports Panama to break away from Columbia and form new nation; in return U.S. given 10 miles of land=Panama Canal (1914)
► American military sent to L.A. to protect American interests; U.S. became known as “big bully to the north”
More Revolution in Mexico
► Elite people in Mexico running things, another revolution
► Porfirio Diaz was a dictator; Francisco Madero forces Diaz from power, he is ineffective;
► Emiliano Zapata aroused masses to seize land from landowners
► 1910-1920 Mexican Revolution caused damage to Mexican economy
► 1917 new constitution, set up new government run by a president, and set up reforms
Economic Change in Latin America
► After 1870-age of prosperity in Latin America
► Beef from Argentina, coffee fro Brazil, coffee and bananas from Central America, sugar and silver from Peru
► After 1900 increase in industry in Latin America
► Growth of middle class, it continues to expand
► Middle class sees U.S. as a model toward industrialization; they wanted reform not revolution
Chapter 15 China and Japan
Open Door Policy
§ U.S. and Britain afraid that another nation would invade China if the Qing government collapsed.
§ John Hay (U.S. Secretary of State) presented a proposal that all countries would have equal access to the Chinese market and that China should have an Open Door Policy and The Qing should still rule
§ Restrictions on foreign imports were reduced
The Boxer Rebellion
§ Boxers-a secret organization were upset with foreigners and especially disliked Christian missionaries
§ 1900 Boxers roam countryside killing Christian missionaries and Chinese Christians
§ European, American, and Japanese troops attack Beijing as a result, restore honor and Chinese government must pay an indemnity-a payment for damages
§ Imperial government is weaker than ever
Fall of Qing
§ China tries to make reforms; new education system based on the western model
§ Legislature formed
§ Sun Yat-sen wants military takeover, transition phase toward democratic rule, and then constitutional democracy
§ Last emperor of China, the infant Henry Pu Yi
§ Followers of Sun attack, Qing collapses
§ Old order member General Yuan Shigai is leader
§ Sun Yat-sen must accept Yuan as president; rebellions follow
Westerners in China
§ Westerners introduce modern transportation and communication in China
§ 1800 most were farmers
§ Women still in home and fields
§ By 1900s, more western culture introduced; paintings, books, music, ideas
Modern Japan
§ 1800 Tokugawa shogunate in control; has isolated itself from outside world; some trading with Dutch, Chinese, and Korea;
§ 1853 U.S. ships commanded by Mathew Perry arrive at Edo (Tokyo) Bay; brings letter from president Millard Fillmore; requests opening foreign relations with the U.S.
§ Under pressure, Japan agrees to the Treaty of Kanagawa saying that the there will be two ports opened to USA
§ 1858 more treaties signed-more new ports to U.S. trade and residence, exchange of ministers
Meiji Restoration
§ Open relations unpopular in some parts of Japan and among Samurai warriors
§ Sat-Cho alliance-they want westerners out, fire at western ships
§ Want to restore emperor; attack Shogun’s palace
§ Emperor Mursuhito starts Meiji or “enlightened rule”
§ Capital moved from Kyoto to Edo (Tokyo)
§ Territories now called prefectures
§ Meiji reformers want to have a western political model
§ Ito Hirobumi studies U.S. French, British, German governments
§ Two groups: Liberals and Progressives rise
§ Liberals want a parliament as representative of the people; Progressives want a shared power between legislative and executive branches; Progressives win