• Ch 16-The Civil Rights Movement- Sec 1 The Movement Begins

• Segregation : The World of Jim Crow 1877-1960’s-Many states passed _________________ laws

• The laws required separation of blacks and whites in schools, parks, public buildings, hospitals, and transportation systems, Whites and Blacks could not use the same public facilities ( Separate but Equal)

• African American Facilities were always inferior ( Plessy V Fergerson 1896)

• In the South de jure segregation was practiced because of the Jim Crow laws (The Law)

• In the North _____________________ segregation was practiced, the not posted or unannounced separation of races ( The Fact)

– Public Areas, schools, housing, and employment were effectively segregated

• In 1942 Civil Rights leader James Farmer founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to confront segregation in the North, First Sit In was used in Chicago, and boycotts

• NAACP’s Legal Strategy -The NAACP focused on the inequalities between the black/white schools, Under lawyer Thurgood Marshall the NAACP would win 29 out of 32 cases

• Brown V. Board of Education -The father of 8 yr old Linda Brown challenged the idea of his daughter traveling 21 blocks to school in Topeka, Kansas

• Under Chief Justice Earl ____________ the court unanimously struck down school segregation

• Montgomery Bus Boycott 1956 -In December 1st, 1955 Seamstress and NAACP officer Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus home

• The Montgomery Improvement Association suggested a boycott and a young 26 yr. old Minister ___________________________________was elected leader

• Crisis in Little Rock 1957 -In September Gov. Orval Faubus of Arkansas ordered the AK National Guard to turn away nine African American students trying to attend Little Rock’s Central High school

• IKE called out the 101st Airborne in support of the Federal Court Order (Troop escort)

• Civil Rights Act of 1957 gave the Attorney General power over school desegregation

• Dr. King and the SCLC- In 1957 King joined with Baptist Ministers and Civil Rights leaders in forming the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

• Ch 16 Sec 2-Challenging Segregation: Sit-ins

• In April 1960 Baker helped students at Shaw University organize The ___________________________________________________ (SNCC) -Student Activism would be essential

• In February 1960 a ___________________________________ was held at the White Only lunch counter at Woolworth’s in Greensboro, NC

• The Freedom Riders

• In 1961 CORE members black and white began riding interstate buses to test the courts’ decision to end segregation on buses and public places

• ________________________________________ were attacked and beaten by white mobs in Birmingham and Anniston, AL

• The Movement at High Tide -Birmingham, Alabama -In April 12, 1963 Dr. MLK was arrested

• He wrote “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”

• On May 2nd, 2,000 children marched, Chief Bull Conner arrested 959 of them

• On May 3rd, Police Dogs, high pressure hoses, and clubs were used (National TV Audience)

• JFK sent a Civil Rights Bill to Congress

• The March on Washington -To encourage the Congress to pass JFK’s Civil Rights .On August 28th, 1963 more than 250,000 people including 75,000 whites assembled on the national mall -All listened to many speaker including Dr. Martin Luther King’s “I have a dream!”

• -On July 2nd, 1964 LBJ signed the _______________________________________ which prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, and gender

• The Selma Campaign-In 1965 SNCC organized a voting campaign in Selma, Alabama

• On March 7th, 1965 , 600 protestors began the march from Selma to Montgomery, AL

• Police swung pipes, clubs and used tear-gas –“Bloody Sunday”

• On March 21, 3,000 members led by MLK with Federal Protection marched, The numbers grew to 25,000 marchers

• The ________________________________________________ of 1965 -The act eliminated literacy tests, allowed federal officials to register voters

• Ch 16 Sec 3- New Civil Rights Issues-Violence Erupts in the cities of the North

• Centuries of de _______________________ segregation had produced social and economic inequalities ( Racism)

• Slums, high unemployment, poor schools all contributed to desperation, Aggressive Police was a point of contention

• In July 1964, a race riot erupted in Harlem after a 15 year old black student was killed

• On Aug. 11th, 1965 the worst riot erupted in _________________________, Los Angeles

• The Kerner Commission -People suffered in the cities from heightened expectations from the civil rights movement and LBJ’s promises in the Great Society that were not realized

• “White______________________________” created an explosive mixture of poverty, police brutality, and the commission recommended extensive public housing, integrated schools, 2 million new jobs, and a national system of income supplementation

• Black Power -In June 1966 march it had become evident to MLK that CORE and SNCC had become militant “We shall overrun!”,Stokely Carmichael of SNCC preached the slogan

• “__________________________________________r” the battle cry for militant civil rights

• Malcolm Little joined The Nation of Islam when he was in prison converted and changed his name to ___________________________________________________

• The Black Panthers

• In October 1966, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded the political party the _____________________________________________________________

• It advocated self-sufficiency, full employment opportunities, decent housing and no military service due to the unfair numbers being drafted and killed in Vietnam

• King, the War and the Assassination

• On April 3rd, 1968 DR. MLK addressed a crowd in Memphis, He was assassinated

one day later by James Earl Ray on his hotel balcony.

• Reaction to King’s Death

• Over 100 cities exploded in flames

• Baltimore, Chicago, KC, and Washington were the worst

• After King’s death the Civil Rights Movement lacked the unity of purpose and vision.