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CHAPTER 6: SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD
Multiple Choice Questions
1. According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is:
a. initiative versus guilt.
b. autonomy versus shame and doubt.
c. industry versus inferiority.
d. trust versus mistrust.
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 170
2. According to Erik Erikson, the “great governor” of initiative is:
a. conscience.
b. independence.
c. fear.
d. obedience.
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 170
3. In Erikson’s portrait of early childhood, the young child clearly has begun to develop _____, which is the representation of self, the substance and content of self-conceptions.
a. self-control
b. self-confidence
c. self-understanding
d. self-centeredness
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 170
4. Four-year-old Harlan says “I’m always happy!” Researchers suggest that Harlan, like other kids his own age, have self-descriptions that are typically:
a. reflective of reality.
b. reflective of what others think about them.
c. abstract and magical.
d. unrealistically positive.
Answer: d
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 171
5. Hans feels ashamed when his parents say “You should feel bad about biting your sister!” To experience a _____ emotion like shame, Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others.
a. social
b. self-conscious
c. penitent
d. sympathetic
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 172
6. _____ emotions do not appear to develop until self-awareness appears around 18 months of age.
a. Self-conscious
b. Social
c. Penitent
d. Sympathetic
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 172
7. _____ especially plays a key role in children’s ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others. It is an important component of executive function.
a. Moral integrity
b. Emotion regulation
c. Moral development
d. Independence
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 173
8. When Brianna is upset her mother facilitates open discussion about why she is upset and helps her figure out how to deal with the negative emotions. Therefore, Brianna’s mother takes an _____ approach to parenting.
a. emotion-dismissing
b. emotion-criticizing parent.
c. emotion-coaching
d. emotion-encouraging
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 173
9. _____ parents interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents.
a. Emotion-dismissing
b. Emotion-facilitator
c. Emotion-coaching
d. Emotion-encouraging
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 173
10. The children of _____ parents are better at soothing themselves when they get upset, more effective in regulating their negative effect, focus their attention better, and have fewer behavior problems than the children of emotion-dismissing parents.
a. emotion-coaching
b. emotion-facilitator
c. emotion-encouraging
d. emotion-independent
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 173
11. Developmental psychologists would describe Jennifer as an “emotion-dismissing” parent to her son. Which of the following types of behavior is Jennifer MOST likely to engage in?
a. She praises her son when he performs a task well.
b. She ignores her child when he cries.
c. She engages in more scaffolding with her son.
d. She acknowledges her child’s emotions.
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 173
12. Barbara monitors her children’s emotions, views their negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, and assists her children in labeling their emotions. She is an:
a. emotion-facilitator parent.
b. emotion-supportive parent.
c. emotion-coaching parent.
d. emotion-encouraging parent.
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 173
13. Marjorie chooses to deny, ignore, or change the negative emotions of her children. She is an:
a. emotion-coaching parent.
b. emotion-criticizing parent.
c. emotion-dismissing parent.
d. emotion-blind parent.
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 173
14. _____ development involves the development of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people.
a. Conventional
b. Superego
c. Moral
d. Pragmatic
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 174
15. According to Freud, the moral element of the personality is called the _____.
a. id
b. superid
c. ego
d. superego
Answer: d
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 174
16. Feelings of anxiety and guilt are central to the account of moral development provided by _____ theory.
a. Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive
b. Piaget’s cognitive development
c. Erikson’s psychosocial
d. Freud’s psychoanalytic
Answer: d
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 174
17. According to Freud, to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection, children identify with parents, internalizing their standards of right and wrong, and thus form the:
a. alter ego.
b. ego.
c. superego.
d. id.
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 174
18. _____ is responding to another person’s feelings with an emotion that echoes the other’s feelings.
a. Guilt
b. Empathy
c. Correspondence
d. Modeling
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 174
19. When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad, Selena says it is because her best friend just lost her puppy. Selena is exhibiting:
a. guilt.
b. empathy.
c. correspondence.
d. lack of perspective-taking.
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 174
20. The ability to discern another’s inner psychological state is known as:
a. correspondence.
b. congruence.
c. perspective taking.
d. nurturance.
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 174
21. Which of the following is the first stage of Piaget’s theory of moral development?
a. Autonomous morality
b. Initiative versus guilt
c. Heteronomous morality
d. Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 174
22. From about _____ years of age, children display heteronomous morality.
a. 1 to 3
b. 4 to 7
c. 10 to 12
d. 2 to 4
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 174
23. According to Piaget’s theory, from _____ years of age, children are in a transition showing some features of the first stage of moral reasoning and some stages of the second stage, autonomous morality.
a. 7 to 10
b. 4 to 7
c. 10 to 12
d. 1 to 4
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 174
24. From about _____, children show autonomous morality.
a. 5 to 8 years of age
b. 4 to 7 years of age
c. 10 years of age and older
d. 5 years of age and older
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 174
25. Jerome, 6, and Hani, 10, get up early on Saturday morning and decide to make “breakfast in bed” for their mother. While reaching for the bed tray in the back of the hall cabinet, they accidentally break one of their mother’s favorite porcelain dolls. Jerome knows that he’s going to get into “big trouble.” Hani tells him not to worry because Mom would understand that it was an accident. In what stage would Jean Piaget categorize the moral reasoning of Jerome and Hani?
a. Jerome—autonomous morality; Hani—heteronomous morality
b. Jerome—heteronomous morality; Hani—autonomous morality
c. Jerome—universal law morality; Hani—context-specific morality
d. Jerome—context-specific morality; Hani—universal law morality
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 174
26. Dante is a 10-year-old who likes to play soccer during recess. One day a friend teaches him a different set of rules about the game that Dante accepts. He now plays soccer in a new way. Dante is in which stage of moral development?
a. Autonomous morality
b. Heteronomous morality
c. Basic morality
d. Extended morality
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 174-175
27. Because young children are _____, they judge the rightness or goodness of behavior by considering its consequences, not the intentions of the actor.
a. autonomous thinkers
b. heteronomous moralists
c. egocentric
d. moral autonomists
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 175
28. Julie believes that Jason’s accidental act of breaking 12 plates is worse than Peter intentionally breaking two plates. Julie can be best described as a(n) _____.
a. moral autonomist
b. gender-typed individual
c. empathic thinker
d. heteronomous moralist
Answer: d
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 175
29. Katrina becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game, yelling, “You can’t do that! You can’t change rules!” Katrina is exhibiting which of the following types of moral reasoning?
a. Autonomous morality
b. Heteronomous morality
c. Peer-negotiated morality
d. Immanent justice morality
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 175
30. As children develop into moral autonomists:
a. consequences become more important than intentions.
b. they think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world.
c. they start recognizing the principle of immanent justice.
d. intentions become more important than consequences.
Answer: d
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 175
31. Older children, who are _____, recognize that punishment occurs only if someone witnesses the wrongdoing and that even then, punishment is not inevitable.
a. moral autonomists
b. empathic thinkers
c. gender-typed
d. heteronomous thinkers
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 175
32. Young children tend to believe that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. This indicates a belief in the concept of:
a. immanent justice.
b. swift justice.
c. concrete justice.
d. authoritative justice.
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 175
33. Piaget concluded that the changes in moral reasoning in children come about through: a. authoritative parent-child relations.
b. religious and social conditioning.
c. the children’s family experiences.
d. the mutual give-and-take of peer relations.
Answer: d
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 175
34. According to Jean Piaget, parent-child relations are less likely to advance moral reasoning than peer relations because:
a. parents are inconsistent in delivering the consequences for broken rules.
b. peers are less likely to allow negotiation and reasoning about broken rules.
c. parents take an authoritative approach to handing down the rules.
d. peer groups immediately mete out punishments for rule breaking.
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 175
35. Which of the following approaches holds that the processes of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation explain the development of moral behavior?
a. Freud’s psychoanalytic approach
b. The evolutionary psychology approach
c. The behavioral and social cognitive approach
d. The biological approach
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 175
36. Social cognitive theory provides several important principles to help us understand moral behavior of children. Which one of the following is NOT one of those principles?
a. Moral behavior is always influenced by the situation.
b. Self-control is evidenced by the child’s ability to delay gratification.
c. Punishment will always increase modeling of moral behavior.
d. Cognitive factors are important in the development of self-control.
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 175
37. Twice each month, Gini helps to serve dinner at the “Community Table,” a program that assists homeless people in the town. She brings her two children, ages 9 and 11, with her and talks to them about the need to share time, food, and kindness with others who are less fortunate. Social cognitive theorists would say that Gini’s children:
a. are likely to develop moral behavior that includes helping others.
b. are not likely to be impacted by this as their moral behavior is modeled on peers, not parents.
c. will not benefit from these experiences until they are teens.
d. will fail to model their behavior to their mother’s unless they see some reward in it.
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 175-176
38. Gender _____ involves a sense of one’s own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female.
a. role
b. typing
c. identity
d. experience
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 176
39. Sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act, and feel are known as gender:
a. roles.
b. identities.
c. expectancies.
d. rules.
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 176
40. Most children know whether they are physically a girl or boy by about _____ years of age.
a. 1
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 176
41. The social role theory suggests that:
a. the social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing.
b. the mother role and the father role are social constructions that have emerged from our evolutionary past.
c. social roles are chosen, not determined.
d. nature is the primary determinant of differences between the social labels that we call “gender.”
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 176
42. According to the UNICEF (2012), in most cultures around the world:
a. women have less power than men but are given a higher social status.
b. women have less power and status than men, and they control fewer resources.
c. men have less power and status than women, but control most of the resources.
d. men have less power than women, but are given a higher social status.
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 176
43. This theory of gender stems from the view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.
a. Psychoanalytic theory of gender
b. Social cognitive theory of gender
c. Evolutionary psychology view of gender
d. Social role theory of gender
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 176
44. The primary social theories of gender include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. evolutionary psychology view.
b. social role theory.
c. psychoanalytic theory.
d. social cognitive theory.
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 176-177
45. According to Freud, at which age does the child renounce the sexual attraction he/she feels toward the parent of the opposite sex because of anxious feelings?
a. 3 or 4 years of age
b. 9 or 10 years of age
c. 5 or 6 years of age
d. 11 or 12 years of age
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 176-177
46. The psychoanalytic theory of gender stems from Freud’s view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. Which of the following describes this condition in girls?
a. Galatea effect
b. Electra complex
c. Golem effect
d. Oedipus complex
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 176-177
47. According to Freud, preschool boys develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent in a process called the _____.
a. Oedipus complex
b. Electra complex
c. Pygmalion effect
d. Golem effect
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 176-177
48. Karen is often praised for gender typical behavior. Her parents make statements like “Karen you are such a good girl when you play with your doll!” Gender researchers would use this as support for what theory of gender development?
a. Psychoanalytic theory
b. Social cognitive theory
c. Evolutionary psychology
d. Social role theory
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 177
49. Which of the following statements is true about parental influences on children’s gender development?
a. In many cultures, mothers socialize their sons to be more obedient and responsible than their daughters.
b. Mothers are more likely than fathers to engage in playful interactions with their children.
c. Mothers, rather than fathers, are psychologically important to their children’s gender development.
d. Fathers show more attention to sons than to daughters.
Answer: d
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 177
50. Who among the following is MOST likely to be rejected by peers on the basis of gender roles?
a. A little girl in boy’s clothing
b. A little boy playing with a doll
c. A little boy playing with a toy truck
d. A little girl carrying a baseball mitt
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 178
51. Around the age of _____, children already show a preference to spend time with same-sex playmates.
a. three
b. one
c. two
d. one-and-a-half
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 178
52. Children between the ages of 3 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of:
a. mixed ages.
b. the same sex as theirs.
c. both boys and girls.
d. children from their own socioeconomic status.
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 178
53. In the context of the size of same-sex groups of children, from about 5 years of age onward:
a. boys are more likely to associate together in larger clusters than girls are.
b. girls are more likely to engage in rough-and-tumble play than boys,
c. girls are more likely to participate in organized group games than boys are.
d. boys were more likely than girls to play in dyads or triads.