Biology STAAR EOC Fall 2011

Review Sheet for Benchmark/FINAL

TEK 4A: Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (Supporting Standard)

1. Create a Venn diagram or Double Bubble (Thinking Map) comparing and contrasting prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (include cell organelles).

TEK 4B: Investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules. (Readiness Standard)

Explain how humans and other mammals maintain homeostasis? Include the words internal and external environment in your explanation.
What would happen if a fish that lives in a hypotonic environment (fresh water) is suddenly placed in a hypertonic environment (salt water)? Explain and draw a picture of your explanation.
What form of energy is the primary source for conducting cellular processes?
How are active and passive transport alike? How are they different? Come up with an analogy that will help you remember the differences and share it with someone else in your class.

TEK 5A: Describe the stages of cell cycle, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication and mitosis, and the importance of the cell cycle to the growth of organisms. (Readiness Standard)

Use the following diagram to answer question 6.

5. Identify the lettered structures in the above diagram.

Name the whole structure represented. ______

What is the primary function of the DNA within a cell? Where is DNA located?
You decide to explain replication to your friend using a model you created out of construction paper. What is the first step you must show your friend?

8. Compare mitosis and meiosis using a Venn-Diagram. Highlight the most crucial difference.

Study the diagram above:

· What is the process called?

· Does this happen in mitosis or meiosis?

· Why is this process important for living things?

10. Identify each of the phases of the cell cycle and tell what is important about that phase.

TEK 5C: Describe the roles of DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and environmental factors in cell differentiation. (Supporting Standard)

Explain and give an example of what it means for a gene to be “turned off”, or not expressed.
If you wanted to alter an organism’s characteristics, which change in the DNA strand would you make? Explain your answer.

TEK 6A: Identify the components of DNA, and describe how information for specifying the traits of an organism is carried in the DNA. (Readiness Standard)

13. Find the complimentary strand of mRNA after transcription of the following strand of DNA has taken place.

5’ A C T G C C A T C 3’

15. Study the following karyotypes.

A. B.

a. Is diagram A a male or female?

b. Which karyotype shows an example of nondisjunction?

c. What disorder is shown is diagram B?

16. Explain and draw examples of 3 ways mutations can occur using the DNA

strand provided below. Make sure to label each picture.

A C G A T T C A

TEK 6E: Identify and illustrate changes in DNA and evaluate the significance of these changes. (Readiness Standard)

17. Describe a situation where a mutation is least likely to affect a cell.

18. How does DNA affect an organism’s traits?

19. 3’ A U C G U A 5’

The above is a short section of mRNA. What is the DNA code which probably produced this section of mRNA?

20. A mutation has occurred in an mRNA fragment that was originally ACC. Which

of the following mutated mRNA fragments would result in an amino acid sequence different from that produced by the ACC fragment?

A. ACU B. ACA C. ACG D. AAU

TEK 6B: Recognize that components that make up the genetic code are common to all organisms. (Supporting Standard)

21. List the nitrogen bases of a DNA strand.

TEK 6C: Explain the purpose and process of transcription and translation using models of DNA and RNA. (Supporting Standard)

22. Describe the interaction of DNA and mRNA that results in protein synthesis. Use the words transcription and translation in your description of making a protein.

TEK 6D: Recognize that gene expression is a regulated process. (Supporting Standard)

23. A scientist is searching for a chemical that can alter the characteristics of a tiger’s offspring’s fur color. The scientist needs a chemical that can affect the tiger’s DNA in which way?

TEK 6F: Predict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses, and non-Mendelian crosses. (Readiness Standard)

24. If two parents are both heterozygous for cystic fibrosis, they are carriers of the disease, but do not suffer from the disease. What is the percent probability that a child will have cystic fibrosis?

25. Richard is homozygous dominant for brown eyes (BB), and his wife is heterozygous (Bb). What is the probability that their first child will also be homozygous dominate for brown eyes?

26. In a dihybrid cross, CcFf x CcFf, what fraction of the offspring will be homozygous for both traits?

27. David has freckles and his sister does not. Both of his parents have freckles which is a dominant allele. What genotype must both of his parents have? Explain.

TEK 9A: Compare the structure and functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. (Readiness Standard)

28. For the following biomolecules name the monomer, polymer, an example and role of each. (Use a Tree Map or chart to record your answer.)

a. Carbohydrate

b. Protein

c. Lipid

d. Nucleic Acid

29. What do complex carbohydrates and proteins have in common?

TEK 9B: Compare the reactants and products of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of energy and matter. (Supporting Standard)

30. What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

31. The products of photosynthesis are what to cellular respiration?

32. Write the complete balanced equation for photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Using a T-chart labeled reactants and products, place the components of the

photosynthesis and cellular respiration equations under the appropriate column.

33. Describe the energy conversions involved during photosynthesis.

34. Describe the energy conversions involved during cellular respiration.

TEK 9C: Identify and investigate the role of enzymes. (Supporting Standard)

35. What is the function/role of an enzyme?

36. The bonding sites of enzymes to substrate fit like pieces in a jigsaw puzzle. Label the structures in enzyme-substrate diagram below.

TEK 11B: Investigate and analyze how organisms, populations, and communities respond to external factors. (Supporting Standard)

37. What is meant by carrying-capacity and limiting factors in relation to population growth? Explain with a specific example.

TEK 11C: Summarize the role of microorganisms in both maintaining and disrupting the health of both organisms and ecosystems. (Supporting Standard)

38. Microorganisms, such as bacteria, play a vital role in maintaining and disrupting the health of both organisms and ecosystems. Bacteria live symbiotically with their hosts in their environment, but must remain in balance or homeostasis. List evidence of how microorganisms work to maintain homeostasis in organisms and ecosystems in the following: plants, humans, and the environment.

TEK 11D: Describe how events and processes that occur during ecological succession can change population and species diversity. (Readiness Standard)

39. Pick an event that could occur during ecological succession and describe how a population or species diversity might change. Give an example for both primary and secondary succession.

40. Describe the difference between primary succession and secondary succession? Be sure to use terms such as lichens, pioneer organisms and climax community.

41. Just as catastrophic events can decrease biodiversity so can human activity by displacing species from their natural habitat. What are some consequences for this loss of biodiversity?

TEK 12A: Interpret relationships, including predation, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, and competition among species. (Readiness Standard)

42. Write the definition of each symbiotic relationship and give or draw an example of each:

a. Mutualism

b. Parasitism

c. Commensalism

d. Predator-prey

TEK 12C:Analyze the flow of matter and energy through trophic levels using various models, including food chains, food webs, and ecological pyramids. (Readiness Standard)

43. Complete the energy pyramid (located on the next page) using the food web. What percentage of energy is transferred from each level? Label the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, & quaternary. What would happen if the fox population decreases due to the increase in desire fox fur?

If toxic chemicals are spread out on the grass and raspberry bushes in small dosages (1%), what would happen to the organisms that are higher in the food web? Use the pyramid of biological magnification to explain. What is the difference between the two pyramids.

44. Use the food web in question #43 to answer the following question. Often, organisms compete with each other for a food source. List which organisms above compete with each other for food.

TEK 12D: Recognize that long term survival of species is dependent on changing resource bases that are limited. (Supporting Standard)

45. In any ecosystem, the basic resources that organism need for survival is always in limited supply. Describe some potential effects of these limitations.

TEK 12E: Describe the flow of matter through the carbon and nitrogen cycles and explain the consequences of disrupting these cycles. (Supporting Standard)

46. How does carbon become part of living organisms?

TEK 12F: Describe how environmental change can impact ecosystem stability. (Readiness Standard)

47. Describe how environmental change can impact an ecosystem’s stability. Give two examples.

TEK 6G: Recognize the significance of meiosis to sexual reproduction. (Supporting Standard)

48. During meiosis the chromosome number is reduced from the diploid number (2n) to the haploid number (1n). What would happen to the offspring if the chromosome number was not reduced during meiosis—what would they receive from each parent? Would this be a good thing?

49. What is produced at the end of meiosis?

TEK 6H: Describe how techniques such as DNA fingerprinting, genetic modifications and chromosomal analysis are used to study the genomes of organisms. (Supporting Standard)

50. DNA finger printing (sometimes called DNA profiling) can be used to identify a person such as in a criminal case. Study the following pictures and determine who the suspect linked to each crime scene is. Circle the number that is your choice for each diagram.

Crime Scene #1 Crime Scene #2