Name ______Date______
Biology EOC Review
Objective: Relate the structure of molecules to their function in cellular structure and metabolism.
1. Complete the following analogy: Bone are to animals as
a. Cell walls are to animals c. cell membranes are to plants
b. Chloroplasts are to plants d. cell walls are to plants
2. Water molecules are polar, with the
a. oxygen side being slightly positive and the hydrogen side being slightly negative
b. oxygen and hydrogen sides being slightly positive
c. oxygen and hydrogen sides being slightly negative
d. oxygen side being slightly negative and hydrogen side being slightly positive
3. Which of the following animal cells would most likely contain the greatest number of mitochondria?
a. Nerve c. muscle
b. Blood d. skin
4. If transpiration stopped completely, how would a plant’s homeostasis first be affected?
a. More carbon dioxide would be taken in by leaves
b. Fewer sugars stored in roots and stems would diffuse into the soil
c. Carbohydrates would no longer be formed
d. Water molecules would not be released from leaves
5. In the human body, muscle cells have an increased need for energy during exercise. To help supply this energy, the body will immediately increase
a. Food intake to increase the substances available for respiration
b. The need for waste products to be retained
c. Activity in the nervous system to stimulate intake for carbon dioxide
d. The breathing rate to supply more oxygen to cells for the release of energy
6. Lemur’s bodies are adapted to efficiently store energy for times when food is scarce. This adaptation may help explain how lemur ancestors survived the trip across the Mozambique Channel from mainland Africa to Madagascar. Which of the following types of molecules are primarily used for long-term energy storage in the lemur?
a. lipids b. monosaccharides c. nucleic acids d. proteins
7. Which of the following best explains why enzymes are necessary for many cellular reactions?
a. Enzymes supply the oxygen necessary for the reactions.
b. Enzymes change reactants from solid to liquid during the reactions.
c. The reactions take up too much space in the cell if enzymes are missing.
d. The reactions are too slow to meet the needs of the cell if enzymes are missing.
8. This graph shows that:
a. More enzymes are present at a higher pH
b. Pepsin is less sensitive to pH than trypsin
c. pepsin is less effective at low pH than trypsin
d. pH affects the activity rate of enzymes
9. Many marine invertebrates have body surfaces that are permeable to water but not to salt. Osmosis can change the pressure of their body fluids. Fortunately, the ocean is very stable in its salt content. What would happen if a jellyfish were placed in a very low saly environment such as an estuary?
a. It would gain water from the environment
b. It would gain nutrients from the water in the environment
c. It would lose proteins into the water
d. It would lose salt into the water
10. Proteins are composed of smaller subunits called:
a. Monosaccharides
b. Nucleic acids
c. Nucleotides
d. Amino acids
11. Sugars are a type of
a. Protein
b. Lipid
c. Carbohydrate
d. Nucleic acid
12. Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and this element:
a. Potassium
b. Nitrogen
c. Zinc
d. Lithium
13. Multicellular organisms grow when
a. Cells get larger
b. Cells multiply
c. Fat cells increase
14. If an animal cell is placed in distilled water, it will swell and burst. The bursting of the cell is a result of which biological process?
a. Active Transport
b. Enzyme activity
c. Osmosis
d. Respiration
Objective: Explain how plants convert light energy to chemical energy
Joseph’s aquarium contains water, fish, green plants, and a source of light. He adds fish food daily. He observes tiny bubbles forming on the leaves of plants. He wonders how these bubbles were formed and what happens to them. He also notices that when he leaves the light on for a longer period of time, the number of bubbles increases.
15. What gas is responsible for the bubbles formed on the leaves and how is this gas formed?
16. What might happen to the plants if the light was turned off for a long period of time?
17. The green plants and the fish may be considered subsystems of the entire aquarium system. Describe how these subsystems exchange gases, to the benefit of one another.
18. The fish take in the gas produced by the plant’s leaves. Why do they need this gas?
19. Joseph performs a chemical test for starch on the plants’ leaves. He repeats this test after the light has been turned off for a long time. He discovers that there is starch in the leaves that were kept in the light, but no starch in the leaves that were left in the dark.
Which statement about these results is NOT valid?
a. Plants need light to make sugar during photosynthesis.
b. Plants can convert and store sugar as starch
c. Organisms can use starch as a source of energy.
d. Cellular respiration takes place only in the dark
20. An experimental setup is shown in the diagram below.
Which hypothesis would most likely be tested using this setup?
A. Green water plants release a gas in the presence of light.
B. Roots of water plants absorb minerals in the absence of light.
C. Green plants need light for cell division.
D. Plants grow best in the absence of light.
24. In one of the steps of the carbon cycle, a person exhales a molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. Which of the following is most likely to happen next to the atom of carbon in this molecule?
A. It may be used as part of a sugar in a plant.
B. It may become part of a protein in an animal.
C. It may be consumed as a fossil fuel is burned.
D. It may be decomposed into carbon and oxygen by a bacterium.
25. The illustration below shows part of the carbon cycle.
At position Y, carbon is most likely to be in which of the following forms?
A. protein
B. carbon solid
C. carbohydrate
D. carbon dioxide
Objective: Describe how plants (and other organisms) produce substances high in energy content that become the primary source of energy for life.
26. A food web is shown below.
Which of the following is most likely to lead to an increase in the number of foxes over time?
A. a decrease in owls
B. an increase in hawks
C. an increase in mountain lions
D. a decrease in raspberry bushes
27. In general, what percent of the available energy transfers to the next trophic level?
28. The figure below represents the flow of food energy through a system.
In an experiment, chickens were fed grain that contained a chemical marker in its proteins. The presence of the marker can be detected in organisms. Which of the following is the most reasonable prediction from this experiment?
- The marker will only be found in the grain.
- Both chickens and wolves will have the marker.
- Wolves will have the marker, but chickens will not.
- The marker will only be found in the animals' wastes.
29. A marine food web is shown below.
Which of the following diagrams correctly represents an energy pyramid from this web?
A. B.
C. D.
30. Which of the following would most likely happen if grasses and shrubs were removed from a rural New Jersey ecosystem?
A. There would be an increase in consumers in the ecosystem.
B. There would be an increase of photosynthesis in the ecosystem.
C. There would be a decrease in food energy produced by the ecosystem.
D. There would be a decrease of carbon dioxide available to the ecosystem
EVOLUTION
Objective Explain that through evolution, the Earth’s present species developed from earlier distinctly different species.
31. All of the following can be used as evidence to support Darwin’s
theory of evolution except
a. Similarity of chemicals in all living things
b. Distribution of species on Earth today
c. Shapes and structures of living organisms
d. Distributions of mountain ranges on Earth’s surface.
32. Which of the following best explains how the fossil record provides evidence that evolution has occurred?
A. It indicates that forms of life existed on Earth at least 3.5 billion years ago.
B. It indicates the exact cause of structural and behavioral adaptations of organisms.
C. It shows how the embryos of many different vertebrate species are very similar.
D. It shows that the form and structure of groups of organisms have changed over time.
33. Scientists have concluded that snakes evolved from an ancestor with legs. Which of the following statements provides the best evidence for this conclusion?
A. Most species of snakes live on land.
B. Snakes move extremely fast to catch their prey.
C. Snakes have a well-developed backbone and muscular system.
D. Some species of snakes have limb buds during their embryonic development
34. Thousands of years ago, giraffes with short necks were common within giraffe populations. Nearly all giraffe populations today have long necks. This difference could be due to:
A. giraffes stretching their necks to keep their heads out of reach of predators
B. giraffes stretching their necks so they could reach food higher in the trees
C. a mutation in genetic material controlling neck size occurring in some skin cells of a giraffe
D. a mutation in genetic material controlling neck size occurring in the reproductive cells of a giraffe
35. A researcher discovers two populations of birds that are similar. The two populations live in habitats that are different. What evidence might suggest to the researcher that the birds belong to different species rather than the same species?
A. Some birds appear to be hybrids of the birds in the two populations
B. The birds in the two populations have different mating behaviors.
C. Birds in the two populations sometimes feed in different locations.
D. The two populations of birds feed at different times of the day
Objective Explain how the theory of natural selection accounts for extinction as well as an increase in the proportion of individuals with advantageous characteristics within a species.
36. On island chains like the one shown below, animal populations that spread from the main island to the other islands can evolve into separate species. Which of the following best explains what favors speciation in these situations?
a. Predators on the main island can easily migrate to follow the populations to the other islands.
b. Lack of disease on the other islands enables the populations to grow and change without limit.
c. The physical separation of the islands limits gene flow and interbreeding between the populations.
d. The climatic conditions of the islands allow the populations to breed all year and produce several generations
37. Migration, hibernation, and dormancy are all result from:
a. Short-term changes in the environment
b. Seasonal changes in the environment
c. Physical adaptations to the environment
d. Behavioral adaptations to the environment
38. Birds that have adapted to live in a water environment would most likely have which of the types of feet shown below?
a. b. c. d.
39. During a recent outbreak of West Nile virus – a disease that is transmitted by mosquitoes—government agencies asked citizens to drain and clean up areas of standing water. Explain how the elimination of standing water can help reduce the population of mosquitoes, which are flying insects that live on land. Use the picture below.
40. Which statement best illustrates a rapid biological adaptation that has actually occurred?
a. Pesticide-resistant insects have developed in certain environments
b. Scientific evidence indicates that dinosaurs once lived on land
c. Paving large areas of land has decreased habitat for certain organisms
d. The characteristics of sharks have remained unchanged over a long period of time.
41. The dotted line on the graph below represents the potential size of a population based on its reproductive capacity. The solid line on this graph represents the actual size of the population. Which statement best explains why the actual population growth is less than the potential population growth?
a. Resources in the environment are limited.
b. More organisms migrated into the population than out of the population.
c. The birthrate gradually became greater than the death rate.
d. The final population size is greater than the carrying capacity.
42. What is the most probable reason for the increase in the percentage of variety A in the population of the species shown in the graph below?
a. There is no chance for variety A to mate with variety B.
b. There is no genetic difference between variety A and variety B.
c. Variety A is less fit to survive than variety B is.
d. Variety A has some adaptive advantage that variety B does not have.
Essay
43. A European species of rabbit was released on a ranch in Victoria, Australia. The species thrived and reproduced rapidly. The rabbits overgrazed the land, reducing the food supply for the sheep. The Myxoma sp. virus was used to kill the rabbits. The first time this virus was applied, it killed 99.8% of the rabbits. When the rabbits became a problem again, the virus was applied a second time. This time, only 90% of the rabbits were killed. When the rabbits became a problem a third time, the virus was applied once again, and only 50% of the rabbits were killed. Today, this virus has little or no effect on this species of rabbit. Explain what happened to the species of rabbit as a result of the use of this virus. You must include and circle the following terms in your answer.
a. Gene b. adaptation or adapted c. variation d. survival of the fittest
Reading Comprehension
In 1809, the French scientist, Jean Baptiste de Lamarck, presented the idea that adaptive traits that are developed by an organism could be inherited by their offspring. For example, if an animal were to develop strong leg muscles from running fast, its offspring would, theoretically, inherit this useful trait. According to Lamarck, this process would, over time, lead to the evolution of new species. He called his explanation of evolutionary change “the inheritance of acquired characteristics.” (his theory was later disproved.)