Biology Chapter 7 (Due December 19; Test December 20)

Multiple Choice

Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Who used a compound microscope to see chambers within cork and named them “cells”?

a. / Anton van Leeuwenhoek
b. / Robert Hooke
c. / Matthias Schleiden
d. / Rudolf Virchow

____ 2. The work of Schleiden and Schwann can be summarized by saying that

a. / all plants are made of cells.
b. / all animals are made of cells.
c. / plants and animals have specialized cells.
d. / all plants and animals are made of cells.

____ 3. Which of the following is NOT a principle of the cell theory?

a. / Cells are the basic units of life.
b. / All living things are made of cells.
c. / Very few cells are able to reproduce.
d. / All cells are produced from existing cells.

____ 4. The cell theory does NOT apply to

a. / bacteria.
b. / plants and animals.
c. / multicellular organisms.
d. / rocks and soil.

____ 5. Electron microscopes can reveal details

a. / only in specimens that are still alive.
b. / about the different colors of cell structures.
c. / of cell structures only once they are stained.
d. / 1000 times smaller than those visible in light microscopes.

____ 6. Which type of microscope can produce three-dimensional images of a cell’s surface?

a. / transmission electron microscope
b. / scanning electron microscope
c. / simple light microscope
d. / compound light microscope

____ 7. Colors seen in images made from electron microscopes are

a. / true to life.
b. / the colors of electrons.
c. / added to make certain structures easier to see.
d. / added so scientists can trace living cells through the body.

____ 8. Looking at a cell under a microscope, you note that it is a prokaryote. How do you know?

a. / The cell lacks cytoplasm.
b. / The cell lacks a cell membrane.
c. / The cell lacks a nucleus.
d. / The cell lacks genetic material.

____ 9. Which of the following enclose their DNA in a nucleus?

a. / prokaryotes
b. / bacteria
c. / eukaryotes
d. / viruses

____ 10. Prokaryotes usually have

a. / a nucleus.
b. / specialized organelles.
c. / genetic material.
d. / many cells.

____ 11. Which of the following organisms are prokaryotes?

a. / plants
b. / animals
c. / bacteria
d. / fungi

Figure 7–1

____ 12.

Which of the following conclusions could you draw about the cell shown in Figure 7–1?

a. / The cell is eukaryotic because it has a nucleus.
b. / The cell is prokaryotic because it has a nucleus.
c. / The cell is eukaryotic because it does not have a nucleus.
d. / The cell is prokaryotic because it does not have a nucleus.

____ 13. Which of the following is a function of the nucleus?

a. / stores DNA
b. / stores sugars
c. / builds proteins
d. / packages proteins

____ 14. Which of the following is NOT found in the nucleus?

a. / mitochondria
b. / nucleolus
c. / chromatin
d. / DNA

____ 15. Which of the following statements about the nucleus is NOT true?

a. / The nucleus stores the coded instructions for making the cell’s proteins.
b. / The nucleus usually contains a nucleolus region which is where ribosome assembly begins.
c. / The nucleus is the site of protein assembly.
d. / The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope that lets materials in and out.

____ 16. Which organelle breaks down organelles that are no longer useful?

a. / Golgi apparatus
b. / lysosome
c. / endoplasmic reticulum
d. / mitochondrion

____ 17. Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton?

a. / helps a cell keep its shape
b. / contains DNA
c. / surrounds the cell
d. / helps make proteins

____ 18. Which structures are involved in cell movement?

a. / cytoplasm and ribosomes
b. / nucleolus and nucleus
c. / microtubules and microfilaments
d. / chromosomes

Figure 7–2

____ 19. Which structure in the cell shown in Figure 7–2 above stores materials, such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates?

a. / structure A
b. / structure B
c. / structure C
d. / structure D

____ 20. Which structure makes proteins using coded instructions that come from the nucleus?

a. / Golgi apparatus
b. / mitochondrion
c. / vacuole
d. / ribosome

____ 21. Which sequence correctly traces the path of a protein in the cell?

a. / ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus
b. / ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast
c. / endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, Golgi apparatus
d. / ribosome, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum

Figure 7–3

____ 22. Which structure in the cell shown in Figure 7–3 above modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials for storage or release from the cell?

a. / structure A
b. / structure B
c. / structure C
d. / structure D

____ 23. Which organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use?

a. / chloroplast
b. / Golgi apparatus
c. / endoplasmic reticulum
d. / mitochondrion

____ 24. Which organelles are involved in energy conversion?

a. / mitochondria and chloroplasts
b. / mitochondria and ribosomes
c. / smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. / Golgi apparatus and chloroplasts

____ 25. Which organelle would you expect to find in plant cells but not animal cells?

a. / mitochondrion
b. / ribosome
c. / chloroplast
d. / smooth endoplasmic reticulum

____ 26. The primary function of the cell wall is to

a. / support and protect the cell.
b. / store DNA.
c. / direct the activities of the cell.
d. / help the cell move.

____ 27. Unlike the cell membrane, the cell wall is

a. / found in all organisms.
b. / composed of a lipid bilayer.
c. / selectively permeable.
d. / a rigid structure.

____ 28. You will NOT find a cell wall in which of these kinds of organisms?

a. / plants
b. / animals
c. / fungi
d. / bacteria

____ 29. Which of the following structures serves as the cell’s boundary from its environment?

a. / mitochondrion
b. / cell membrane
c. / chloroplast
d. / channel protein

____ 30. Which of the following is a function of the cell membrane?

a. / breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from foods
b. / stores water, salt, proteins, and carbohydrates
c. / keeps the cell wall in place
d. / regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell

____ 31. The cell membrane contains channels and pumps that help move materials from one side to the other. What are these channels and pumps made of?

a. / carbohydrates
b. / lipids
c. / bilipids
d. / proteins

____ 32. Diffusion occurs because

a. / molecules are attracted to one another.
b. / molecules constantly move and collide with each other.
c. / cellular energy forces molecules to collide with each other.
d. / cellular energy pumps molecules across the cell membrane.

____ 33. During diffusion, when the concentration of molecules on both sides of a membrane is the same, the molecules will

a. / move across the membrane to the outside of the cell.
b. / stop moving across the membrane.
c. / continue to move across the membrane in both directions.
d. / move across the membrane to the inside of the cell.

____ 34. The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called

a. / osmotic pressure.
b. / osmosis.
c. / pinocytosis.
d. / active transport.

____ 35. An animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic pressure causes

a. / water to move into the cell.
b. / water to move out of the cell.
c. / solutes to move into the cell.
d. / solutes to move out of the cell.

____ 36. Which means of particle transport requires input of energy from the cell?

a. / diffusion
b. / osmosis
c. / facilitated diffusion
d. / active transport

Figure 7–4

____ 37. Which means of particle transport is shown in Figure 7–4 above?

a. / diffusion
b. / osmosis
c. / facilitated diffusion
d. / active transport

Figure 7–5

____ 38. Which means of particle transport is shown in Figure 7–5 above?

a. / endocytosis
b. / exocytosis
c. / facilitated diffusion
d. / protein pump

____ 39. Which of the following activities is NOT a way that unicellular organisms maintain homeostasis?

a. / reproduction
b. / growth
c. / cell specialization
d. / response to the environment

____ 40. Which term describes the relatively constant internal physical conditions of an organism?

a. / cell specialization
b. / homeostasis
c. / organ system
d. / unicellularity

____ 41. The cells of unicellular organisms are

a. / specialized to perform different tasks.
b. / larger than those of multicellular organisms.
c. / able to carry out all of the functions necessary for life.
d. / unable to respond to changes in their environment.

____ 42. Which of the following is an example of an organ?

a. / heart
b. / epithelial tissue
c. / digestive system
d. / nerve cell

____ 43. A group of similar cells that perform a particular function is called

a. / an organ.
b. / an organ system.
c. / a tissue.
d. / a division of labor.

____ 44. An organ system is a group of organs that

a. / are made up of similar cells.
b. / are made up of similar tissues.
c. / work together to perform a specific function.
d. / work together to perform all the functions in a multicellular organism.

____ 45. Which list represents the levels of organization in a multicellular organism from the simplest level to the most complex level?

a. / cell, tissue, organ system, organ
b. / organ system, organ, tissue, cell
c. / tissue, organ, organ system, cell
d. / cell, tissue, organ, organ system

Modified True/False

Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.

____ 46. The cell theory states that all things are made up of cells. ______

____ 47. A scanning electron microscope allows light to pass through a specimen and focuses it using two lenses to form an image. ______

____ 48. If a cell contains a nucleus, it must be a prokaryote. ______

____ 49. The assembly of ribosomes begins in a small dense structure called the chromatin. ______

____ 50. Flagella made up of microtubules help organize cell division. ______

____ 51. Cilia and flagella are made of protein filaments called endoplasmic reticulum. ______

Figure 7–6

____ 52. Structure D represented in Figure 7–6 is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. ______

____ 53. Ribosomes that synthesize proteins are found on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. ______

____ 54. Plant cells have chloroplasts but not mitochondria. ______

____ 55. Water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and some other substances can pass through the cell wall. ______

____ 56. Once equilibrium is reached, roughly equal numbers of molecules move in either direction across a semipermeable membrane, and there is no further change in concentration on either side of the membrane. ______

____ 57. A red blood cell placed in pure water will shrink. ______

____ 58. Moving materials from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration requires active transport. ______

____ 59. A cell in a multicellular organism must be able to carry out all of the functions necessary for life in order for the organism to survive. ______

____ 60. There is a division of labor among the cells of multicellular organisms. ______

Completion

Complete each statement.

61. According to the cell theory, all cells come from existing ______.

62. Electrons pass through thin slices of cells or tissues and produce flat, two-dimensional images in ______electron microscopy.

63. Depending on whether they have a ______, unicellular organisms are classified as either eukaryotes or prokaryotes.

Figure 7–7

64. The small, dense region indicated in Figure 7–7 by the letter D is called the ______.

65. Most of the time, the cell’s genetic information is found as threadlike ______in the cell’s nucleus.

Figure 7–6

66. The storage structure indicated in Figure 7–6 by the letter F is a(an) ______.

67. Unlike smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum has ______attached to it.

68. In plants, ______capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy, whereas ______convert chemical energy into compounds that are convenient for the cell to use.

69. The cell takes in food and water and eliminates wastes through its selectively permeable ______.

70. Molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. This process is called ______.

71. Large molecules, such as glucose, that cannot cross the lipid bilayer can still move across the membrane through a type of passive transport called ______.

72. Some materials can move across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient by ______.

73. A cell’s relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions are called ______.

74. The cells in a multicellular organism have specific jobs. This is called cell ______.

75. The levels of organization in a multicellular organism listed from simplest to most complicated are ______, tissues, ______, and organ systems.

Short Answer

76. What are two functions of the nucleus?

Figure 7–7

77. Identify each of the cell structures indicated in Figure 7–7. Use these terms: nucleus, mitochondrion, ribosome, cell membrane, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus, Golgi apparatus, cytoplasm.

78. What advantages do cell walls provide plant cells that contact fresh water?

79. What would happen if a cell’s membrane became impermeable?

80. Explain, in terms of osmosis, why a raisin placed in a cup of pure water overnight will puff up with water.