Biology 301 Exam 1 Name

Biology 301 Exam 1 Name

Spring 2008

1.Basic dyes such as methylene blue bind to cellular molecules that are
A. hydrophobic.
B. negatively charged.
C. positively charged.
D. aromatic.

2. Which of the following distinguish the field of microbiology from other fields of biology?
A. the size of the organism studied
B. the techniques used to study organisms regardless of their size
C. both the size of the organism studied and the techniques employed in the study of organisms
D. neither the size of the organism studied nor the techniques employed in the study of organisms regardless of their size

3. Who of the following developed a set of criteria that could be used to establish a causative link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease?
A. Fracastoro
B. Koch
C. Pasteur
D. Lister

4. Who of the following was the first to observe and accurately describe microorganisms?
A. Pasteur
B. Lister
C. van Leeuwenhoek
D. Tyndall

5. Who of the following provided the evidence needed to discredit the concept of spontaneous generation?
A. Pasteur
B. Koch
C. Semmelweiss
D. Lister

6 Antiseptic surgery was pioneered by
A. Pasteur.
B. Lister.
C. Jenner.
D. Kitasato

7. . Who is credited with developing and documenting the first vaccination procedure against smallpox?
A. Koch
B. Pasteur
C. Jenner
D. Lister

8. Which of the following is not true of bacterial plasmids?
A. They can replicate independently of the chromosome.
B. They may carry genes for drug resistance.
C. They are required for host growth and/or reproduction.
D. They may carry genes that enhance survival of the bacterium under certain conditions.

9. The first surgical antiseptic to be used was
A. iodine.
B. ethanol.
C. phenol.
D. none of the choices.

10. Cells with a relatively complex morphology that have a true membrane-delimited nucleus are called
A. procaryotes.
B. eucaryotes.
C. urcaryotes.
D. nocaryotes.

11 The cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria
A. retains the cytoplasm and its contents.
B. acts as a selectively permeable barrier, allowing some molecules to pass while preventing the movement of others.
C. is the major site of ATP synthesis in aerobes.
D. all of the choices

12. Cells with a relatively simple cell morphology that do not have a true membrane-delimited nucleus are called
A. procaryotes.
B. eucaryotes.
C. urcaryotes.
D. nocaryotes

13. A cell with a diploid number of 12 chromosomes undergoes meiosis. The number of chromosomes in each of the daughter cells is
A. 24.
B. 6.
C. 12.
D. 16.

14. The process by which a cell imports large particles by enclosing them in vesicles pinched off from the plasma membrane is called
A. exocytosis.
B. phagocytosis.
C. pinocytosis.
D. nutrient cytosis.

15. An organism with two copies of each chromosome is said to be
A. haploid.
B. diploid.
C. aneuploid.
D. monoploid.

16. Which of the following organelles is involved in the modification, packaging, and secretion of materials?
A. lysosomes
B. Golgi apparatus
C. mitochondria
D. centrioles

17. Enzymes needed to digest all types of macromolecules are found in
A. lysosomes.
B. Golgi apparatus.
C. mitochondria.
D. centrioles.

18. Which of the following parts of the Golgi complex receives materials from the ER?
A. cis face
B. trans face
C. cisternal edges
D. None of these are correct.

19. Receptor mediated endocytosis
A. depends on formation of clathrin coated pits that pinch off.
B. allows for concentration of molecules such as hormones, growth factors, and cholesterol.
C. involves formation of caveolae that are enriched in cholesterol and caveolin.
D. is typically used to internalize plasma membranes added by exocytosis.
E. all of the choices
F. two of the choices

20. The two chromatids from each duplicated chromosome separate and move toward opposite poles during
A. prophase.
B. metaphase.
C. anaphase.
D. telophase.

21. The nucleolus plays a major role in synthesis of
A. mRNA.
B. tRNA.
C. rRNA.
D. transcription activation proteins.

22. The cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria
A. retains the cytoplasm and its contents.
B. acts as a selectively permeable barrier, allowing some molecules to pass while preventing the movement of others.
C. is the major site of ATP synthesis in aerobes.
D. all of the choices

23. Gram-positive cells retain the primary stain whereas gram-negative cells do not because
A. the alcohol reduces the ability of the outer membrane to help trap the stain in gram-negative bacteria.
B. the alcohol shrinks the pores of the thick peptidoglycan layer of gram-positive cells, thereby, trapping the stain.
C. the alcohol reduces the ability of the outer membrane to help trap the stain in gram-negative bacteria and the alcohol shrinks the pores of the thick peptidoglycan layer of gram-positive cells, thereby, trapping the stain
D. none of the choices

24. Which of the following is/are true of capsules?
A. They help bacteria escape phagocytosis by host cells.
B. They retain water and help prevent desiccation of the bacteria.
C. They prevent entry of many bacterial viruses.
D. all of the choices

25. Chemotaxis is a process by which bacteria
A. move toward an attractant or away from a repellent.
B. avoid phagocytosis.
C. respond metabolically to the presence of autoinducer molecules.
D. move on solid surfaces by means of type IV fimbriae.

26. Shrinkage of the plasma membrane away from the cell wall when the bacterium is placed in a hypertonic environment is called
A. osmolysis.
B. plasmolysis.
C. hydrolysis.
D. hypertonolysis.

27. Lipids with polar and nonpolar ends are said to be
A. amphipathic.
B. amphibolic.
C. bilateral.
D. none of the choices.

28. Endospores represent a challenge to the fields of industrial and medical microbiology because
A. they are resistant to harsh environments, thus allowing survival of spore forming organisms under conditions in which nonsporulating cells would not survive.
B. spore forming organisms are often dangerous pathogens.
C. spores are significantly smaller than vegetative cells.
D. they are resistant to harsh environments, thus allowing survival of spore forming organisms under conditions in which nonsporulating cells would not survive and spore forming organisms are often dangerous pathogens are correct

29. The general protein secretion pathway of bacteria
A. translocates proteins across the plasma membrane.
B. places integral membrane proteins in the cytoplasmic membrane.
C. works with proteins that have an amino-terminal signal peptide.
D. all of the choices
E. two of the choices

30. Regarding the periplasmic space:
A. It is found only in gram-positive bacteria.
B. It is located between the plasma membrane and outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.
C. It contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins involved in nutrient acquisition.
D. Both it is located between the plasma membrane and outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and it contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins involved in nutrient acquisition are true.

31. Protects bacteria from lysis in dilute solutions and helps to determines cellular morphology (shape).
A. plasma membrane
B. peptidoglycan
C. capsule
D. gas vacuoles

32. The role of chaperones in the general secretion pathway of bacteria is
A. delivery of the preprotein to the membrane transport machinery (translocon).
B. to ratchet the preprotein across the cytoplasmic membrane using ATP hydrolysis as a source of energy.
C. helping to maintain the preprotein in an unfolded state.
D. all of the choices
E. two of the choices

33. The type II protein secretion pathway of bacteria
A. plays a key role in directing proteins to the periplasm.
B. is also known as the ABC protein secretion pathway and secreted proteins usually have a C-terminal secretion signal.
C. directs secretion of some proteins from the periplasm across the outer membrane.
D. functions by transporting flagellum proteins to their extracellular site of assembly

34. Type III bacterial protein secretion machinery.
A. directly injects protein virulence factors into susceptible host cells.
B. includes structural features that resemble basal bodies of bacterial flagella.
C. have been identified in several gram positive pathogens.
D. all of the choices
E. two of the choices

35. Protists contain all of the following forms of life except
A. protozoa.
B. fungi.
C. slime molds.
D. algae.

36. The endoplasmic reticulum is composed of flattened sacs called
A. thylakoids.
B. cristae.
C. cisternae.
D. vacuomes.

37. The organelle responsible for harvesting light as an energy source for photosynthesis is the
A. kinetoplast.
B. centriole.
C. chloroplast.
D. mitochondrion

38. Bacterial cells that are variable in shape are called
A. vibrio.
B. pleomorphic.
C. coccobacilli.
D. hyphal.

39. The concept that living organisms arise from nonliving material is called
A. biogenesis.
B. cell theory.
C. spontaneous generation.
D. germ theory.

40. Membrane delimited intracellular structures that perform specific functions in cells are called
A. organelles.
B. organs.
C. tissues.
D. systomis.

41. Some photosynthetic bacteria produce gas vacuoles that regulate their buoyancy but contain no lipid.
True False

42. Gram-positive bacteria have a structurally and chemically more complex cell wall than gram-negative bacteria.
True False

43. During the assembly of the flagellar filament, the flagellin protein monomers assemble at the cell proximal base of the flagellum.
True False

44. The rotation of bacterial flagella is powered by ATP hydrolysis.
True False

45. Peptide interbridges are found in the peptidoglycan cell wall structure of Gram-negative bacteria.
True False

46. Sterol-like molecules called hopanoids are thought to be important for the structural integrity of many bacteria because of their suspected role in membrane stabilization.
True False

47. Type III bacterial protein secretion machinery directly injects protein virulence factors into susceptible host cells.
True False

48. II secretion pathway is used to transport proteins across the outer membrane of gram positive bacteria.
True False

49. Mordants increase the binding between a stain and specimen.
True False

50. In order to stain flagella so that they may be readily observed by light microscopy, it is usually necessary to increase their thickness.
True False

51. Fannie Hesse first suggested that agar be used to solidify microbiological media.
True False

52. Although developed over 100 years ago, Koch's postulates continue to be used successfully in all known human infectious diseases.
True False

53. All eucaryotes have a membrane-delimited nucleus.
True False

54. John Tyndall demonstrated that microorganisms present in the air are carried on dust particles.
True False

55. The relationship between specific bacteria and specific diseases was demonstrated first by Fracastoro.
True False

56. The majority of mitochondrial proteins are manufactured under the direction of the nuclear DNA by cytoplasmic ribosomes.
True False

57. Although similar in function, the eucaryotic ribosome is generally smaller and more complex than the procaryotic ribosome.
True False

58. When the cell wall is removed from a Gram-negative bacterium without removing the outer membrane, the resulting form is called a(n) __________.

59. Enzymes that are secreted out of the cell to aid in the acquisition and digestion of environmental nutrients are called __________.

60. A __________ is a polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell wall and is not easily removed.

61. Spirochetes move by means of a bundle of periplasmic flagella, called a(n) __________, that is anchored at one of the ends of the organism.

62. Proteinacious projections from the surface of a bacterium that are used to mediate conjugation are called __________, whereas projections that mediate attachment to surfaces such as host cells are called __________.

63. Bacteria have a region of the cytoplasm known as the __________, which is not bounded by a membrane but contains the chromosome

64. Small circular DNA molecules capable of replicating and containing genes that are useful but not necessary to the bacterium are called __________.

65. The bacterium E. coli swims in a straight line, called a __________, for a few seconds; then it stops, __________, then swims away in a new direction.

66.Ribosomes synthesizing proteins that are to be excreted are located on the __________.

67. Long filaments containing microtubules and used for cellular locomotion are called __________, whereas short fibers containing microtubules and used for cellular locomotion are called __________.

68. When the cell wall is removed from a Gram-negative bacterium without removing the outer membrane, the resulting form is called a(n) __________.

69. Enzymes that are secreted out of the cell to aid in the acquisition and digestion of environmental nutrients are called __________.

70. Molecules or regions of molecules that readily interact with water are said to be __________, whereas molecules or regions of molecules that are insoluble in water or do not readily interact with water are said to be __________.

71. Ribosomes synthesizing proteins that are to be excreted are located on the __________.

72. A __________ layer consists of diffuse unorganized polysaccharide material that lies outside the cell wall and is easily removed.

Matching: Match the definition with the word.
73) monotrichous
74) peritrichous
75) lophotrichous
a. a single flagellum
b. a single flagellum at each pole of an organism
c. a cluster of flagella at one or both ends of an organism
d. a relatively even distribution of flagella over the entire surface of the bacterium