BARRATT – U.S. HISTORY I MIDTERM: STUDY SHEET
UNIT 1 – EUROPEAN EXPLORATION/COLONIZATIONMarco Polo / Vikings
Renaissance
Causes for European Exploration
Caravel / Compass / Astrolabe
Prince Henry the Navigator
Christopher Columbus
Ferdinand Magellan
Vasco da Gama
Plantations
Columbian Exchange
Treaty of Tordesillas
Impact of Colonization on Natives
Conquistadores
Aztecs / Montezuma / Hernan Cortes
Incas / Atahualpa / Francisco Pizarro
New Spain / New Mexico
Mestizos
Encomienda
Black Legend
Bartolome de las Casas
Ponce de Leon
Pope’s Rebellion / John Smith / John Rolfe
Joint-Stock Companies
Roanoke
Jamestown
Powhatan
“Starving Time”
Indentured Servants
Bacon’s Rebellion
Governor Berkeley
Puritans
Mayflower Compact
John Winthrop
“The Elect” / “City Upon a Hill”
Plymouth Colony
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Dissenters
Roger Williams / Anne Hutchinson
Metacom / King Philip’s War
William Penn
New Netherlands
Middle Colonies
Quakers
UNIT 2 – ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE
Mercantilism
Parliament
Navigation Acts
Dominion of New England
Sir Edmund Andros
Salutary Neglect
Causes of / Desires for Self-Government
Agricultural Southern colonies
Cash Crops
Triangular Trade
Middle Passage
Stono Rebellion
Commercial Northern colonies
Salem Witchcraft Trials
Enlightenment
Benjamin Franklin
Poor Richard’s Almanac
John Peter Zenger (Trial)
Jonathan Edwards
Great Awakening
French and Indian War
Last of the Mohicans
New France
George Washington
William Pitt
Pontiac
Proclamation of 1763
George Grenville
Sugar Act
Impact of war on England / colonies / Stamp Act / Stamp Act Congress
Boycotts / Tar & Feathering
Samuel Adams
Townshend Acts
Boston Massacre
Paul Revere
Committees of Correspondence
Tea Act / Boston Tea Party
King George III
Intolerable Acts
Martial Law
Minutemen
Lexington and Concord
1st / 2nd Continental Congress
Battle of Bunker Hill
Olive Branch Petition
Thomas Paine
Common Sense
Thomas Jefferson
Declaration of Independence
Loyalists / Patriots
Valley Forge
George Washington
Horatio Gates / Benedict Arnold / Nathaniel Greene
Battles of Trenton, Saratoga, Yorktown
Molly Pitcher
Friedrich von Steuben
Hessians
Marquis de Lafayette
General Cornwallis
Treaty of Paris
Egalitarianism
UNIT 3 – A YOUNG NATION EMERGES
Republic
Articles of Confederation
Debates over Representation
Land Ordinance of 1785
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Powers/Limitations of Congress
Weaknesses of the Articles
Shays’ Rebellion
Constitutional Convention
Roger Sherman
Great Compromise
New Jersey Plan
Virginia Plan
Three-Fifths Compromise
Constitution
Federalism
Three Branches of Government
Checks and Balances
Electoral College
Ratification
Federalists / Anti-Federalists
Bill of Rights
Amendments
Veto
Comparison between Articles of Confederation and Constitution
Mount Vernon
Judiciary Act of 1789
Cabinet
Bank of the United States
District of Columbia
Federalists / Democrat-Republicans / Two-Party System
Excise Tax
Precedent
Whiskey Rebellion
Neutrality
Pinckney’s Treaty
Little Turtle / Miami Confederacy
Battle of Fallen Timbers
Jay’s Treaty
Election of 1796
John Adams / Thomas Jefferson
Sectionalism
XYZ Affair
Alien and Sedition Acts
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Nullification
John Marshall
Judiciary Act of 1801
Midnight Judges
Marbury v. Madison
Judicial Review
Election of 1800
Alexander Hamilton / Aaron Burr
Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon Bonaparte
Lewis and Clark
Sacajawea
Impressment
War of 1812 / “The Forgotten War”
Embargo Act of 1807
Tecumseh & The Prophet / Battle of Tippecanoe
War Hawks
Star Spangled Banner
Treaty of Ghent / Battle of New Orleans
Big Picture Concepts: Units 1-3
1. What inspired Europe to begin overseas explorations in the mid 1400’s?
2. What are some similarities in differences in the vast range of Native Americans societies?
3. How did Christopher Columbus and subsequent European explorers impact both Europe and the Americas?
4. What were the positives and negatives of the Columbian exchange on the globe?
5. How did Spanish conquistadores in relatively small numbers come to dominate so many Native Americans?
6. How would Spanish colonization efforts and practices come to differ from later European rivals’?
7. What role did joint-stock companies and colonies play in the era of mercantilism?
8. What were the similarities and differences in experiences for English colonies like Roanoke, Jamestown, and those in New England?
9. What values did the Puritans bring with them to the New World?
10. How did Puritan practices lead to both dissension from colonists and resistance from Native Americans?
11. What characteristics and values made the Middle Colonies distinguished from those in the North & South?
12. Why did strict measures under King James I give way to a Parliamentary policy of salutary neglect, and what were the implications of this policy on the English colonies?
13. How did movements like the Great Awakening in North America and the Enlightenment in Europe affect English colonists?
14. What were the causes and effects of the French and Indian War?
15. How did American colonists react to the strict British policies of the 1760’s and 1770’s?
16. What contrasting perspectives caused colonists to identify themselves as either Patriots or Loyalists?
17. How did the Continental Congress make efforts to avoid war even as hostilities erupted in Massachusetts?
18. What did the experiences of George Washington and the Continental Army say about the overall colonial war effort?
19. How did the Battle of Saratoga come to be known as the “turning point’ of the war?
20. What impact did the involvement of Europe allies like the French have on the war effort?
21. What is the distinction between the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the Treaty of Paris in 1783?
22. In what way did the Founding Fathers craft the republican government described in the Articles of Confederation based upon previous experience with British rule?
23. What were the overall weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
24. In what ways did the Constitutional Convention produce a more effective form of government that was based on the compromise of all 13 states?
24. How did Federalists and Anti-Federalists develop as perspectives during the drafting of the Constitution?
25. Why were the Bill of Rights incorporated as a last requirement prior to ratification?
26. What precedents were established by Presidents Washington, Adams, and Jefferson?
27. Why was neutrality a delicate response to the diplomatic pressures coming from France and Britain?
28. How did sectionalism grow in the midst of the presidencies of Adams and Jefferson?
29. How did the Louisiana Purchase initiate a precedent for the expansion of the United States?
30. What were the causes and outcomes of the War of 1812, and why did it gain the nickname the “Forgotten War”?