CHAPTER 22
AN AGE OF NATIONALISM AND REALISM,
1850-1871
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
Multiple Choice:
1. In establishing the Second Empire, Napoleon III
a. received the overwhelming electoral support of the people.
b. granted the National Assembly stronger legislative powers.
c. rescinded universal male suffrage.
d. cared little about public opinion.
e. campaigned against his uncle’s heritage and name.
(page 621)
2. Under the “liberal empire” of Napoleon III in the 1860's
a. tariffs on foreign goods were raised.
b. the legislature was permitted little say in affairs of state.
c. trade unions and the right to strike were legalized.
d. Jews were given complete freedom of worship.
e. complete democracy was instituted, even for women.
(p. 622)
3. Among Napoleon III's great domestic projects was
a. the building of the Eiffel Tower.
b. the rededication of the Cathedral of Notre Dame.
c. a reconstruction of Paris with broad boulevards, public squares, and municipal utilities.
d. the damming of the Seine River below Paris for flood control.
e. the construction of the Maginot Line against German militarism.
(p. 622)
4. In economic matters, Napoleon III
a. had a laissez-faire attitude.
b. used government resources to stimulate the national economy and industrial growth.
c. strove to diminish the power of great industrialists.
d. worked diligently to establish monopolies for foreign firms possessing more business experience and capital than did French firms.
e. was completely ignorant and apathetic.
(p. 622)
5. Napoleon’s most disastrous foreign policy adventure occurred in
a. the Crimea.
b. Italy.
c. Palestine.
d. Schleswig-Holstein.
e. Mexico.
ANSWER: e (p. 623)
6. In the opinion of the British prime minister, the proclamation of a newly unified German state ruled by
an emperor in 1871
a. could only bode well for stable future European state relations.
b. required immediate embargoes against all German manufactures.
c. implied British renunciation of all existing treaties.
d. entirely destroyed the previous European balance of power.
e. guaranteed peace, as a single Germany was better than many competing Germanies.
(p. 621)
7. The immediate origins of the Crimean War involved
a. French expansionism in the Black Sea.
b. Austrian expansionism in the Balkans.
c. Russia’s right to protect Christian shrines in Palestine.
d. the Turks' assassination of a British diplomat.
e. Russia’s seizure of the Dardanelles Straits from the Ottoman Empire.
(p. 624)
8. An overall result of the Crimean War was
a. the reinforcement of the Concert of Europe until World War I.
b. continued Russian expansionism in Europe for the next two decades.
c. increased involvement for Great Britain in continental affairs.
d. the destruction of the Concert of Europe and the creation of opportunities for Italian and German national unification.
e. to lead to the breakup of the Holy Alliance.
(p. 625)
9. In seeking unification, many Italian nationalists in the 1850's looked for leadership from
a. the Pope.
b. the kingdom of Piedmont.
c. the house of Habsburg.
d. the kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
e. Young Italy
(p. 625)
10. The prime minister of Piedmont who organized the Italian unification movement was
a. Giuseppe Mazzini.
b. Giuseppe Garibaldi.
c. Camillo di Cavour.
d. Victor Emmanuel.
e. the Duke of Alba.
(p. 625)
11. The dominant foreign power in Italy prior to unification was
a. France.
b. Spain.
c. Papal States.
d. Savoy.
e. Austria.
(pp. 625-626)
12. Cavour’s key strategy to free Italy from Austrian domination required the military and diplomatic support of
a. England.
b. Russia.
c. France.
d. Prussia.
e. Hungary.
(p. 626)
13. The leader of the Red Shirts who helped to unify Italy through his military command was
a. Prince Napoleon.
b. Giuseppe Garibaldi.
c. Victor Emmanuel II.
d. Camillo di Cavour.
e. Giuseppe Mazzini.
(p. 626)
14. The final act of Italian unification occurred in 1870 when
a. Garibaldi’s Red Shirts defeated the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
b. Savoy was defeated with the aid of Prussian troops.
c. Rome became the capital city following the withdrawal of French troops.
d. Piedmont took control of Lombardy as a result of French abandonment of Venice.
e. the pope renounced any territorial claims in all of Italy.
(p. 627)
15. Among the key motives prompting England and France to fight Russia in the Crimean War must be counted
a. the French emperor’s ambition to humble the tsar.
b. Britain’s great concern over disruption of the existing balance of power.
c. Prussian demands that the allies attack Russia at any cost.
d. Russian efforts to promote revolution in western European nations.
e. Britain’s great desire to control the Christian holy places in Jerusalem.
(p. 624)
16. Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian-born leader of German unification,
a. instituted the Zollverein, the German customs union that drove industrial development.
b. followed a rigid plan for national unification at all costs.
c. was a liberal from lower class origins who used politics to achieve his reform goals.
d. practiced Realpolitik in conducting domestic and foreign policy.
e. relied upon the diplomatic and military support of the Habsburgs in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866.
(p. 628)
17. The emergence of a true parliamentary system in Prussia was blocked by
a. the king’s overwhelming executive power.
b. the political divisions of the industrial middle class.
c. opposition from the Catholic Church.
d. a tradition of highly decentralized governmental authority in Germany.
e. Bismarck’s reintroduction of an autocratic divine right monarchy.
(p. 628)
18. The Zollverein describes
a. the German states’ customs union dominated by Prussia.
b. a conservative German nationalist group bent on unification of the country.
c. the lower house of the Prussian parliament.
d. Bismarck's liberal reform program.
e. Prussian Black Shirts, who led the German unification movement.
(p. 627)
19. As chancellor of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck
a. instituted vital liberal land reforms.
b. largely bypassed parliament in pursuing his political goals of military modernization.
c. was totally dependent on the Prussian military.
d. was extremely unpopular among ordinary Germans.
e. opposed any wars, always relying upon diplomacy as alternatives.
(p. 628)
20. A result of Bismarck’s Austro-Prussian War was
a. the incorporation of Austria into the North German Confederation.
b. a harsh treaty against Austria that reduced it to a second-rate power.
c. the Prussian liberals’ disgust over Bismarck’s unscrupulous policies.
d. the exclusion of Austria from the North German Confederation.
e. the immediate establishment of the German Empire.
(p. 629)
21. As a statesman, Bismarck can best be appreciated as
a. a determined nationalist who planned every move toward German unification.
b. a conservative but a traitor to his aristocratic class.
c. a consummate politician and opportunist capitalizing on unexpected events and manipulating
affairs to his favor.
d. a narrow-minded tyrant incapable of mastering the art of negotiation vital to modern European
diplomacy.
e. an enlightened despot.
(p. 628)
22. The immediate origins of the Franco-Prussian War concerned
a. the control of the Spanish throne by a French prince.
b. Bismarck’s devious editing of a telegram from King William I.
c. the French invasion of Alsace and Lorraine.
d. Napoleon III’s annexation of Schleswig and Holstein.
e. the French seizure of Alsace and Lorraine.
(p. 630)
23. During the Franco-Prussian War
a. Napoleon III successfully defended the French homeland.
b. the French were decisively defeated at the Battle of Sedan.
c. Bismarck allowed the Prussian army to fall into a subordinate position.
d. a military standoff resulted between the two great armies.
e. a truce was finally agreed to, giving Germany the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, while
France gained Schleswig and Holstein.
(p. 631)
24. As a consequence of her defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, France had to
a. pay an indemnity to Prussia of five billion Francs.
b. abandon Nice and Marseilles.
c. give the eastern frontier provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Prussia, a loss leaving the
French set on revenge.
d. try Napoleon III for war crimes before a Prussian tribunal.
e. a and c
(p. 631)
25. Prussian leadership of German unification meant that
a. a new era of peaceful European interstate relations had begun.
b. the triumph of authoritarian and militaristic values over liberal and constitutional values in the new German state.
c. Austrian bureaucrats would have new opportunities to shape the political culture of the new German Empire.
d. true parliamentary democracy would triumph in the new German state.
e. a new era of peace had arrived in Europe.
(p. 631)
26. In 1871, William I was proclaimed Kaiser, or emperor, of the Second Reich in
a. Berlin.
b. Frankfort.
c. Paris.
d. Versailles.
e. Rome.
(p. 631)
27. The Ausgleich or Compromise of 1867
a. created a loose federation of ethnic states within the Austrian Empire.
b. freed the serfs and eliminated compulsory labor services with the Austrian Empire.
c. made Austria part of the North German Confederation.
d. granted the Czechs and Slovenes home-rule.
e. created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary.
(p. 631-633)
28. The creation of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary
a. allowed the Hungarian Magyars and German Austrians to dominate the other ethnic minorities.
b. enabled Alexander von Bach to become an absolute ruler.
c. left Hungary an independent nation in domestic affairs.
d. overturned the Ausgleich (Compromise) of 1867.
e. upset the balance of power in western Europe.
(p. 633)
29. The reforms of Tsar Alexander II centered around
a. government sponsorship of popular societies like the Bolsheviks.
b. improvements in the military.
c. the abolition of serfdom.
d. the formation of local, self-governing assemblies called “dumas.”
e. nationalizing all the lands of Russia, putting them under state control.
(p. 634)
30. The Russian zemstvos were
a. radical, populist societies that supported all revolutionary causes.
b. local assemblies with regional self-governing powers.
c. agreements between peasants and landlords concerning work rules.
d. the emancipation proclamations that set groups of serfs free.
e. Russia’s two national parliament, one in Moscow and the other in St. Petersburg.
(p. 635)
31. The radical organization responsible for the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881 was
a. the Red Shirts.
b. the Peasants’ Commune.
c. Land and Freedom.
d. Power to the Soviets.
e. the People’s Will.
(p. 635)
32. The British Liberal responsible for an impressive series of reform acts between 1868 and 1874 was
a. Henry John Temple.
b. Lord Palmerston.
c. Sir Robert Peel.
d. Benjamin Disraeli.
e. William Gladstone.
(p.636)
33. Among the key political consequences of Disraeli's Reform Act of 1867 was
a. the outbreak of mass strikes by industrial workers in Britain.
b. a large increase in the number of voters and tighter organization of Liberal and Conservative
political parties.
c. the emergence of female suffrage movements in other European countries inspired by extension of the vote to British women.
d. the freeing of the last British serfs on northern landed estates.
e. the incorporation of India into the British Empire.
(p. 636)
34. The American Civil War of 1861-65
a. was ended by the Missouri Compromise.
b. was highly destructive due to the equal balance of forces between North and South.
c. was a clear precursor of “total war” in the twentieth century.
d. did not completely eradicate slavery in all of the states due to local referendums on the
question.
e. led to the adoption of the Bill of Rights.
(p. 637)
35. The Communist Manifesto of Marx and Engels
a. was a guidebook for the European workers in their revolutions of 1848.
b. viewed the bourgeoisie as leading the proletariat in the destruction of the aristocracy.
c. saw the successful realization of its ideas in the First International.
d. based all historical development on class struggle.
e. predicted peaceful compromise between the social classes.
(p. 640)
36. Karl Marx embraced the German philosopher Hegel’s idea of the dialectic, meaning
a. all change in history is the result of clashes between directly antagonistic elements.
b. no real changes in society can occur before industrialization.
c. dictatorship is the central political force in all history.
d. political diatribes are the highest form of intellectual thought.
e. there is a world soul, which alternates between democracy and dictatorship.
(p. 640)
37. According to Karl Marx, the final product of the struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat would
be
a. equal amounts of property for everyone.
b. the dictatorship of the proletariat.
c. all political power transferred to the proletariat.
d. a utopian society.
e. a classless society.
(p. 640)
38. The First International
a. failed due to Marx’s preoccupation with Das Kapital.
b. became the largest working-class trade union in Europe in the nineteenth century.
c. was rejected by Marx as a “bourgeois-dominated institution.”
d. served as a type of umbrella organization for all European labor interests.
e. led the various revolutionary movements in the uprisings of 1848.
(p. 640)
39. The theoretical discoveries in science in the nineteenth century led to all of the following except
a. a renewal of spiritual belief.
b. a belief in material reality as the only reality.
c. great advances in mathematics and thermodynamics.
d. technological improvements that affected all Europeans.
e. greater material progress, at least for many.
(p. 641-642)
40. Which of the following statements best applies to Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theory?
a. His ideas were readily accepted by religious fundamentalists and cultural conservatives.
b. His works were truly revolutionary in that they were the first to propose a theory of evolution.
c. His theory emphasized the idea of the “survival of the fit” in which advantageous natural variants and environmental adaptations in organisms determine their survival.
d. His On the Origin of Species described man’s evolution from animal origins through natural
selection.
e. He envisioned utopian evolution, unlike Marx who predicted materialistic revolution.
(p. 642)
41. Charles Darwin’s The Descent of Man
a. is filled with expressions of doubt and hesitancy over the new evolutionary theories.
b. proposed the first theory of genetic mutations.
c. argued for the animal origins of human beings, who had evolved by adapting to their
environment over time.