AP European History
Definitions Quarter 1
Chapter 12
Lollards: mumblers of psalms and prayers, followers of Wyclif
Wyclif: inspired the Peasant Revolt of 1381 with: every man free of mortal sin possesses lordship in his own right.
Francois Villon: wrote Ballad of the Hanged Man and Grand Testament
Ultraquism: the belief that both species (bread and wine) should be celebrated in the Eucharist
Avignon: The site where the Popes were held during the Babylonian Captivity
John Hus: the Bohemian priest who was executed at the Council of Constance, wrote On the Church
Pope Martin V: His election at the Council of Constance ended the Great Schism
On the Church: written by John Hus
Vernacular: the common tongue, language
Flanders: a French Fief but sided with England during the 100 Years’ War because it made its money on the wool trade with England
Dante: Wrote The Divine Comedy
Defensor Pacis: written by Marsiglio de Padua
Great Schism: The Italian cardinals, disenchanted with Pope Urban, elected a new Pope, called the Anti-Pope who ruled from Avignon
Sigismund: Holy Roman Emperor who settled the Great Schism by hosting the Council of Constance
Council of Constance: called by HRE Sigismund to settle the Great Schism. John Hus was executed here.
Edward III: English king who claimed the French throne on the death of the last Capetian through his mother’s line.
Christine de Pisan: wrote City of the Ladies and Book of the Three Virtues
Chaucer: wrote Canterbury Tales
Marsiglio de Padua: early Church critic who wrote Defensor Pacis
Philip the Fair (IV): was responsible for the Babylonian Captivity in his efforts to exert control over the Catholic Church in France
Black Death (Plague): 1348-1352 depopulated Europe by 1/3.
100 Years’ War: Began when King Edward III of England claimed the French crown through his mother’s line
Babylonian Captivity: seven successive Popes were held at Avignon in France
Fur Collar Crime: generally non-violent crime committed by the upper classes. Generally involved extortion
Peasant Revolt: 1381 signaled the beginning of the end of serfdom in England. Was inspired by Wyclif and led by John Ball
Statute of Laborers: Passed by Parliament in a failed attempt to freeze wages
The Conciliar Movement: a group who believed that the Great Schism could be solved if the Church was organized under a constitution and if the Pope shared power with an assembly
Summa Theologica: written by Thomas Aquinas
Chapter 13
Rabelais: French writer critical of the Church and society with Gargantua and Pantagreul
Savonarola: Dominican monk who established a theocracy in Florence while the French were in Italy
Lorenzo de Medici: went through much of the family fortune patronizing the arts. Donatello’s David was commissioned for his wedding
Machiavelli: wrote The Prince
Petrarch: the Father of Humanism
Concordat of 1516: helped to establish power of the state over the Church in France. It went beyond the Pragmatic Sanction of the Bourges in that the Concordat allowed the French monarch to appoint abbots as well as bishops in his country
Pragmatic Sanction of the Bourges: allowed the French king to appoint bishops and collect the revenue from the bishop’s lands. Helped to establish the Galician Church
Tudor Dynasty: established by Henry VII after the War of the Roses
Donatello: sculpted David for Lorenzo the Magnificent. It was the first free-standing nude sculpture since antiquity
Conversos: Jews and Muslims who had converted to Christianity in Spain
Henry VII of England: established the Tudor dynasty and ended the War of the Roses by marrying Elizabeth of York
Reconquista: the efforts in Spain to convince Jews and Muslims to convert to Christianity
Utopia: written by Sir Thomas More
The Courtier: aka The Book of the Courtier explained how to become a Renaissance man
Star Chamber: an outgrowth of the Royal Council in England. It was dedicated to snuffing out the ambitions of troublesome nobles
Spider King: Louis XI of France
The Praise of Folly: written by Erasmus. Was gently critical of the Church
On the False Donation of Constantine: Valla used his knowledge of Latin to prove that the 8th century document which indicated that Emperor Constantine gave great land holdings to the Church was false
Wars of the Roses: After the 100 Year’s War, a number of noble families fought each other fro the crown
Castiglione: wrote The Book of the Courtier
Galician Church: the official church in France (Catholic)
Van Eyck: Flemish. Painted Arnolfini and his Wife. Perfected the use of oil paints
Erasmus: The father of Christian Humanism. Wrote The Praise of Folly.
League of Cambrai: Pope Leo X, HRE Maximillian I, and Louis XII of France formed this alliance in order to strip Venice of its mainland possessions
Leo X: Renaissance Pope (Medici) who went through much of the Vatican treasury in order to patronize the arts. Excommunicated Martin Luther
Julius II: Renaissance Pope aka the Warrior Pope who drove the French from the Italian Peninsula in 1498
Maximilian: HRE who entered into the League of Cambrai
Hanseatic League: a loose organization of German towns that controlled trade in Northern Europe prior to the guilds
Valla: wrote On the Elegances of the Latin Language and On the False Donation of Constantine
Boccaccio: wrote The Decameron
The Decameron: written by Boccaccio. Influenced Chaucer
Michelangelo: painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, sculpted David and the Pieta. Was the bridge to Mannerism
The Prince: guidebook on how to get and keep power. Written by Machiavelli
Ghiberti: did the panels that Michelangelo called, “the gates of paradise
Brunelleschi: created I lDuomo
da Vinci: created Mona Lisa, the Last Supper
Raphael: painted School of Athens
Humanism: the study of ancient texts (to reveal what the ancients knew about human nature).
Mirandola: wrote On the Dignity of Man
Salic Law: an old Germanic code which forbade the passing of the crown to a female or through her line
Vulgate: the hand-copied version of the Bible
Chapter 14
Thomas More: wrote Utopia, was beheaded when he refused to acknowledge that Henry VIII was head of the Church in England
Cramner: suggested that if the Pope would not annul Henry VIII’s marriage, Henry ought to break from the Church in rome and make himself head of the Church in England
Brethren of the Common Life: followers of Thomas a’ Kempis who tried to like a Christ-like existence
John Knox: a Calvinist who introduced Presbyterianism to Scotland
Predestination: introduced by Calvin. The belief that one’s salvation had been predetermined by God and only through His grace could salvation be attained
The Ninety-five Thesis: Martin Luther nailed these topics on a church door in Wittenberg indicating that he was willing to debate any of them with a Church defender
Anabaptists: rejected the idea of infant baptism
Jesuits: a religious order founded by Loyola at the Council of Trent
Alexander VI: (Borgia) Spanish Renaissance Pope
Council of Trent: called by Pope Paul III in order to combat Protestantism and reform the Church. The Jesuit order was approved by the Pope here and Baroque was adopted by the Church to awe the faithful
Presbyterianism: introduced to Scotland by John Knox
Confession of Augsburg: written by Melanchthon, a friend of Luther’s, who had hoped to men Luther’s relationship with the Church. Revealed the basic Lutheran doctrine
Bloody Mary: Eldest daughter of Henry VIII who tried to bring England back to Catholicism
Charles V: was both the King of Spain and the HRE
Supremacy Act of 1534: declared that the King was the supremem head of the Church in England
Swabian Rebellion: the peasants in Germany mistakenly believed that since Luther was a Church reformer, he was a social reformer as well. The peasants rebelled against their lords expecting the Luther would support them. Luther urged the Princes, both Catholic and Lutheran, to crush the rebellion and many died as a result
Melanchthon: wrote Confession of Augsburg
The Counter Reformation: an effort by the Catholic Church to bring those who strayed to Lutheranism back to the Catholic Church. By the time of the Council of Trent it had merged with the Catholic Reformation
Peace of Augsburg: 1555 allowed the German princes to decide for themselves whether to practice Catholicism or Lutheranism. It did not address Calvinism
Paul III: Reform Pope who called for the Council of Trent
On Christian Liberty: written by Luther
The Imitation of Christ: written by Thomas a Kempis
Zwingli: humanist who brought the Reformation to Switzerland. Preached according to Erasmus’s translation of the New Testament
Thomas a’ Kempis: wrote Imitation of Christ
Pilgrimage of Grace: Protest in Northern England made up of all classes against Henry VIII as head of the Church of England
Calvin: introduced the concept of predestination and believed that the blessing of the Eucharist was symbolic only
Elizabethan Settlement: policy of Elizabeth I. She did not actively those who practiced their personal religions in private but she did expect outward compliance to the queen as head of the Church of England
Council of Trent: called by Pope Paul III to reform the Church, bring the Protestants back to the Church, and wipe out heresy.
Muntzer: one of the leaders of the Swabian Rebellion
Luther: believed that faith alone was what one needed for salvation. Believed in Consubstantiation and wrote On Christian Liberty
Transubstantiation: Catholic belief that the bread and wine at the blessing of the Eucharist actually becomes the body and blood of Christ
Consubstantiation: Lutheran belief that the blessing of the Eucharist evokes the spirit of Christ
Baroque: art genre designed to evoke a spontaneous emotional response in the viewer. Featured very large pieces, movement, emotion and was less detailed than Renaissance art
Chapter 15
Peace of Westphalia: ended the Thirty Years’ War
Henry the Navigator: Portuguese Prince who jump-started the Age of Discovery
Magellan: the first to circumnavigate the earth
da Gama: The first to take an all-water route to India
Diaz: the first to round the Cape of Good Hope
Price Revolution: the dramatic increase in prices during the 16th and 17th centuries caused by increased population = increasing demand + the influx of specie from the New World.
Politiques: governmental leaders who chose to downplay religion for the well-being of the country: Elizabeth I, Henry IV of France, Cardinal Richileau, Charles II
Audiencia: advisors and assistants to the Spanish Viceroys
King James Bible: King James authorized a new version of the Bible to be written by scholars
Wallensteir: fought for the Hapsburgs in the second phase in the Thirty Years’ War and handily defeated the Danish King
St. Bartholomew’s Day 1572: French (Medici) queen ordered the massacre of Huguenots on the eve of her daughter’s wedding
Pizarro: Conquered the Incas
Spanish Armada: 1588 Philip II of Spain sent his fleet to the English Channel to defeat Elizabeth after she executed Mary Queen of Scots
Edict of Nantes: Henry IV of France allowed the Huguenots freedom of worship and the ability to live in fortified cities
William the Silent: Stadtholder of the Netherlands who died while fighting the Spanish for freedom. His death was instrumental in Elizabeth giving aid to the Netherlands
Gustavus Adolphus: Swedish King who fought the Hapsburgs in the third phase of the Thirty Years’ War
Loyola: founded the Jesuit order
Cortez: defeated the Aztecs
Bourbon Dynasty: founded by Henry of Navarre (IV) after the War of the Three Henrys
Concordat of Balogna: (1516) agreement between Pope Leo X and Francis I of France allowing the king to appoint bishops and abbots in France and allowing the Pope to collect the first year’s revenue from these lands. Helped to establish the Galician Church
War of the Three Henrys: civil war in France for the French crown between Henry of Guise, Henry of Navarre, and Henry III
Henry IV: established the Bourbon dynasty in France, said,”Paris is worth a mass,” and issued the Edict of Nantes
Jesuits: Religious order founed by Loyola
Catholic League: 1609 Catholics determined to stop the spread of Protestantism in German states
Protestant Union: 1608 Protestants organized to prevent the spread of Catholicism in German States
Taille: a tax on land in France
Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis: ended the Hapsburg-Valois War
Montaigne: invented the essay and introduced skepticism
Baroque: artistic movement featuring emotion, movement and works of immense proportion introduced by the Church to represent its awesome power and glory and then was borrowed by European monarchs for the same purpose
Rubens: Flemish Baroque painter whose trademark was fleshy sensual nudes but ½ of his works were of Christian subjects
Bach: Baroque composer whose organ music was the greatest ever written
Huguenots: French Protestants (Calvinists)
Antwerp: Dutch port city and home of the Bourse was flooded by William the Silent to defeat the Spanish and was later replaced by Amsterdam
Viceroy: represented the Spanish monarchy in Spanish colonies and was aided by a group of men called the audiencia
Sully: close advisor of Henry IV (France)
Bourbon Dynasty: Established after the War of the Three Henrys by Henry of Navarre (IV)
Philip II: Spanish king who inherited his crown from his father, Charles II. Philip built the Escorial (Baroque), fought the War of the Spanish Armada with Elizabeth I and had married “Bloody Mary” of England.
Chapter 16
Richelieu: closest advisor to Louis XIII. Was a politique in spite of being a cardinal
Treaty of the Pyrenees: 1659 ended a series of wars between Spain and France in which Spain lost substantial territory to France. The treaty signaled the end of Spain being a great power
Triennial Act: England. Parliament must meet at least once every three years
Moliere: Playwright at Versailles who produced comedies
Racine: Playwright at Versailles who produced tragic dramas
Mercantilism: advocated a nation’s self-sufficiency by a government’s rigid control of the economy through colonies, a favorable balance of trade, bullionism, and the encouragement of industry at home. Economic theory supported by Hobbes in The Leviathan
Mazarin: closest advisor of Louis XIV
Colbert: French Finance Minister who was the biggest fan of Mercantilism
French 17th Century Classicism: the official artistic style of Louis XIV’s court characterized by classical balance and restraint
Versailles: Baroque palace built by Louis XIV to glorify himself
Absolutist Government: a government in which the monarch has absolute power
John Locke: wrote The Second Treatise of Civil Government in celebration of the Glorious Revolution
Oliver Cromwell: established a Puritan military dictatorship in England during the Interregnum
Interregnum: the period after the English Civil War until the restoration in 1660
Restoration: 1660 when the Stewart dynasty was restored to the English throne
Long Parliament: when Parliament sat from 1640-1660
William of Orange: Stadtholder of the Netherlands who, with his wife, was invited to take the crown in England