A SAMPLE HIGH SCHOOL STYLE GUIDE
How to construct a reference list, bibliography and reference in research assignments
Introduction
The author-date, or Harvard, style of referencing is widely accepted in academic publications, although you may see a number of variations in the way it is used.
The information and examples on these pages are based on the Australian Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th ed. The various editions of this style manual have been produced as a guide for those working within Australian government departments.
What is referencing?
Referencing means providing written recognition of any ideas that are used or adapted for students' work.
· You need to provide the name of the original author and details of where you found the information.
· You may need to acknowledge sources within the body of a work.
· You should acknowledge sources at the end of your work.
· 'Referencing', 'citing' and 'attribution' are terms often used to refer to the acknowledgement of sources.
The following types of source materials should be acknowledged:
advertisements / other students' work / others' ideas / blogsencyclopedia articles / personal interviews / CDROMs and DVDs / letters
pictures / magazines / maps / TV programs
pamphlets / journals / newspapers / movies
artworks / teachers / lecturers / books
websites / emails / discussion groups / music
The following types of sources do not need to be acknowledged:
· your own experiences
· your own experimental results
· common knowledge.
Common knowledge includes:
· facts that are commonly known (eg there are twelve months in a year)
· facts that are so well known that they are easily available in a number of different kinds of sources (eg World War II began in 1939)
· commonsense observations (eg interest rates going up will affect mortgage payments).
taken from http://amow.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/module2/module2s1.html on 5/09/2007 10:21 AM
Why Reference?
You should acknowledge materials you use in the creation of a piece of work to clearly identify information and ideas gained from an 'outside' source.
You should acknowledge sources to:
· demonstrate you academic integrity support your argument by showing the sources of the information from which you have formed your own ideas
· make it easy for readers to find the sources you have used, to check the information you have used and to use the sources for further information
· fulfil your moral and legal obligations to recognise and acknowledge the author(s) of the original ideas
· avoid plagiarism so that you are not falsely claiming someone else's work or ideas as your own.
Learning to acknowledge sources appropriately will be very helpful to you if you continue on to university, TAFE or other tertiary studies.
Warning
Students who do not acknowledge the sources they have used, properly or at all, may be guilty of plagiarism. This is a very serious issue and may affect a student's marks and eligibility for the award of a School Certificate or HSC.
taken from http://amow.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/module2/module2s2.html on 5/09/2007 10:21 AM
When and how should sources be acknowledged within the body of a work?
Ø When?
When you quote, paraphrase, summarise or copy information from the sources you are using to research your work, you must always acknowledge the source.
There are two places where you need to acknowledge the source: in the text, and at the end of the text.
The place where you use the information in the text of your work should be shown with an 'in-text citation'. At the end of your work, you should provide a reference list of all the works that you have 'cited' in your work.
Your teachers will expect you to use an in-text citation and provide a full reference list of the sources used whenever you:
· quote - ie use someone else's words
· copy - eg a table, map, image
· paraphrase - ie put someone else's ideas into your own words
· summarise - ie create your own short account of someone else's information or ideas
Ø How?
You must acknowledge the original author and where you found the material within the resource. This can be done using an in-text citation, a footnote or an endnote. As there are a variety of referencing styles, you should follow your teachers' advice on which to use.
How should direct quotes be referenced using in-text citation?
Ø Short quotations
If you quote an author directly and the quotation is a short quotation (as a guide, less than three or four lines), you should place the quotation in quotation marks and identify the source.
Ø Long quotations
If you quote an author directly and the quotation is a long quotation (as a guide, more than three or four lines), you should set the quotation off from your text by indenting and identify the source.
In the Harvard (or author-date) system, the source can be identified by providing the author's or organisation's name, the year of publication and the page number in brackets. For example, 'The stable world of the nineteenth century was coming down in chaos: security was gone.' (Bean, 1983, p.22)
How should indirect quotes, paraphrasing or summarising be referenced using in-text citation?
When you are using another person's idea but not quoting directly, you must acknowledge the source. In the Harvard system, the source can be identified by placing the author's or authority's name and the year of publication in brackets before or after referring to it.
taken from http://amow.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/module2/module2s3.html on 5/09/2007 10:24 AM
How should sources be referenced at the end of a work?
A reference list includes all the sources of information that have been cited in a piece of work. The reference list is located at the end of the piece of work and is usually listed in alphabetical order of the authors of the different sources used.
Each in-text citation must have a corresponding entry in the reference list which is submitted with the assignment.
A bibliography includes all the sources used in the preparation of a piece of work - not just those that have been cited in the text of the work and included in a reference list. The bibliography is located at the end of the piece of work and is usually listed in alphabetical order of the authors of the different sources used.
Different resources, print and electronic, have different characteristics related to their type, format and the content they contain.
taken from http://amow.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/module2/module2s4.html on 5/09/2007 10:27 AM
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Reference list
The reference list, normally headed 'References', should appear at the end of your work, and should include details of all the sources of information which you have referred to, or cited, in your assignment. This is different from a bibliography which is a list of all the sources that you looked at during your research, but did not actually cite in your assignment.
Order of items in the list
The items in the reference list are arranged alphabetically by the authors' surname. Where you have cited more than one work by the same author, those items are then arranged by date, starting with the earliest.
Format of citations in the reference list
The details which need to be included in each citation in the list depend on the type of item referred to, e.g. book, journal article, or website.
The details, or elements, which are included in most citations, should be presented in this order: author - date- title of work - title of larger work (if any) - publishing details.
Reference list:
Kizza, JM 2002, Computer network security and cyberethics, McFarland, Jefferson, N.C.
taken from http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/harvard-print.html on 5/09/2007 10:28 AM
Punctuation and spacing in the citation
Some general rules apply:
- Authors' names:
· Use only the initials of the authors' given names.
· No full stops, and no spaces, are used between initials.
- Titles of works:
· Use minimal capitalization for the titles of books, book chapters and journal articles.
· In the titles of journals, magazines and newspapers, capital letters should be used as they appear normally
· Use italics for the titles of books, journals, and newspapers.
· Enclose titles of book chapters and journal articles in single quotation marks
- Page numbering:
· Books; page numbers are not usually needed in the reference list. If they are, include them as the final item of the citation, separated from the preceding one by a comma, and followed by a full stop.
· Journal articles: page numbers appear as the final item of the citation, separated from the preceding one by a comma, and followed by a full stop.
· Use the abbreviations p. for a single page, and pp. for a page range, eg pp.11-12
Reference list:
Bessant, J & Webber, R 2001, 'Policy and the youth sector: youth peaks and why we need them', Youth Studies Australia, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 43-47.
taken from http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/harvard-print.html on 5/09/2007 10:28 AM
What strategies can students use in preparation for the acknowledgment of sources in their work?
Students can:
· organise notes and record details of where information was actually found
· record details of the resource being used on the pages of your notes, printouts or photocopies of information
· learn about correct citation and referencing methods before you begin your research
· access the information required for referencing different types of resources (e.g. books, newspaper articles, films, websites)
· ask teachers for guidelines about the style, format and amount of detail required to acknowledge the resources used in an assignment
· set up a chart to keep track of the basic bibliographic information (i.e. author, title, date, pages used, publisher, etc) of any resource you use
taken from http://amow.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/module2/module2_quiz.html on 5/09/2007 10:55 AM
Referencing books
Author(s) of book - surname and initials, (Year of publication), Title of book - italicised, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication.
A book with one author
Citing example:
Kizza (2002) examines the motives for cybercrime and its cost.
Cyber attacks may be categorized according to motive (Kizza 2002).
Reference list:
Kizza, JM 2002, Computer network security and cyberethics, McFarland, Jefferson, N.C.
A book published in a second or subsequent edition
Citing example:
Fenna (2004) looks at the three phases of the policy making process.
Reference list
Fenna, A 2004, Australian public policy, 2nd edn, Pearson Education Australia, Frenchs Forest, NSW.
A book by two or three authors
Citing example:
Coates and Holroyd (2003) look at national patterns of internet use.
Japan has developed a technology well suited to local conditions (Coates & Holroyd 2003).
Note: is used to link the authors'names within the brackets, but not when they appear as part of the sentence.
Reference list:
Coates, K & Holroyd c 2003, Japan and the internet revolution, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
A book by four or more authors
Citing example:
The Pepsi example illustrates the importance of economic relationships in formulating strategy (Besanko et al. 2003).
Note: et al. (and others) may be used in place of additional authors names in the text of your essay, but all the names must be written in the reference list citation.
Reference list:
Besanko, D, Dranove, D, Shanley, M & Schaefer, S 2003, Economics of strategy, 3rd edn, J.Wiley, New York.
An edited book
Citing example:
The volume edited by Watts (2003) includes chapters examining the general impact of computer technologies, and their particular application to education.
Reference list
Watts, MM (ed.) 2003, Technology: taking the distance out of learning, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
Denzin, NK & Lincoln, YS (eds) 2003, The landscape of qualitative research: theories and issues, 2nd edn, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
One volume of a multi-volume work
Citing example:
Volume 4 of this work (Pfeiffer, 1991, pp.71-73) includes an overview of the Hawthorne Studies.
Reference list
Pfeiffer, JW (ed.) 1991, Theories and models in applied behavioural science, vol. 4, Organizational, Pfeiffer, San Diego.
A book with no author given
Citing example:
Notes, references and bibliographies are dealt with in Chapter nine (Style manual for authors, editors and printers 1996).
Note: the title is used in both the reference list and citation.
Reference list:
Style manual for authors, editors and printers 1996, 5th edn, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
A book or work by an association or institution
Citing example:
Short bibliographies of the artists are also provided (National Gallery of Australia 1997).
Reference list:
National Gallery of Australia 1997, The eye of the storm: eight contemporary indigenous artists, 2nd edn, National Gallery of Australia, Canberra.
Indirect citations
These occur when the work of another author is cited by an author you have referred to, (i.e. you have not consulted the original work.)
Citing example:
Allen (cited in Wyn & White p.8) argues that it is "change in society which explains relations between different ages".
Reference list:
Provide details of the author who has done the citing:
Wyn, J & White, R 1997, Rethinking youth, Allen & Unwin, St Leonards, NSW.
You may also provide details of the cited work if it might be of interest to readers:
Allen, S 1968, 'Some theoretical problems in the study of youth', Sociological Review, vol. 16, no.3, pp. 319-331.
taken from http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/harvard-print.html on 5/09/2007 10:34 AM
Referencing journal articles
Elements of the citation
Author(s) of article -surname and initials, (Year of publication), 'Title of article - in single quotation marks', Journal name - italicised, volume number, issue number, page number(s).
Citing example: In text:
Parikh and Verma (2002) provide one analysis of the use of the Internet in supporting learning.
Note: the is not used when the authors' names appear as part of the sentence.
Reference list:
Parikh, M & Verma, S 2002, 'Utilizing Internet technologies to support learning: an empirical analysis', International Journal of Information Management, vol. 22, no.1, pp. 27-46.