97.5Antennaria Gaertn. (1791), Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 410.
Comments:
(1)A very complex genus where the species are sexual (usually with both sexes present in populations), agamospermic (usually only females present in populations), or sometimes both (as, e.g., in A. alpina s. str. and some entities in A. friesiana s. lat.). The genus has been split extensively on the American and Greenlandic side, at the time of Hultén (1952) about 200 North American 'species' had been described, less so in Asia and Europe where the variation is much more restricted. There are probably basal sexual entities (species?) and an upperstorey of agamospermic offspring that may have originated directly from the sexuals and/or perhaps as results of hybridisation between sexuals.
In principle, we should try as far as possible to separate between the basal sexuals and the apomicts. The latter we should try to group according to origin, those developed directly from single sexuals within a species (perhaps as subspecies), those with an origin from two or more sexuals as separate entities in some larger, functional groups. At present, this is impossible as only a part of the genus has been sufficiently analysed.
The most thorough treatment yet is found on the American side, by R. Bayer, also reflected in Bayer's treatment in Cody (1996). It followed a tradition from Hultén (1968) and accepted wide species with with sexual and agamospermic subspecies. This has been accomplished, more or less, for three of the main aggregates the A. rosea, A. friesiana and A. monocephala aggregates, but not for the large A. alpina aggregate or the NE American Greenlandic group of entities around A. affinis and A. hansii. It can therefore not be applied consistently yet even if it is a valid and probably efficient approach and also acceptable according to our checklist principles. Treatment as subspecies in parts of North America and as species elsewhere would give a wrong impression of the evolutionary situation. I have therefore gone for listing of species names as first choice in the aggregates, of course with the subspecific combinations as synonyms.
Four sections are indicated and seem to be valid groups: Dioicae, Alpinae, Plantaginifoliae, and Carpaticae. The two former might, however, be problematic as some agamospecies are said to link them. (Elven)
Sect. Dioicae ***
Comments:
(1)Only one species is recognised in the arctic Eurasian parts. The related Fennoscandian A. nordhageniana Rune & Rønning does not reach the Arctic even if it comes fairly close. The variation in North America seems to be formidable. Porsild (1951) accepted 12 species in Yukon alone and Hultén (1952) 14 species in Alaska Yukon but none in the arctic parts. There is also a significant diversity in the group in NE America and Greenland. The group there may represent a 'species' with several subspecies. (Elven)
97.5.1Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn. (1791), Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 410, t. 167.
BGnaphalium dioicum L. (1753, Sp. Pl. 850.
S
2n=28 (4x).
2nDLöve & Löve (1975) list numerous non-arctic counts; Probatova et al. (1990).
GNOR RUS SIB RFE?
Comments:
(1)Regularly sexual with both sexes in equal frequency. (Elven)
97.5.2Antennaria hansii A. Kern. s. lat.
GCAN GRL
Comments:
(1)Four closely related entities, one in NE Canada and three in Greenland. The three Greenland entities are all agamospermic (agamospecies) and the same may be the case with the Canadian entity. (Elven)
97.5.2.1Antennaria hansii A. Kern. (1877), Sitzungsber. Akad. Wien., Math.-Nat. 74, Abth. 1: 476. Synonyms: A. groenlandica Porsild (1914), Ottawa Natural. 28: 89. 2n=56 (8x), Jørgensen et al. (1958). GRL.
Comments:
(1)Widely distributed in SW, S and SE Greenland. The 'major' species of the Dioicae group in Greenland. Probably closely related to the next. (Elven)
97.5.2.2Antennaria intermedia (Rosenv.) Porsild (1917), Act. Fl. Ross. 3: 37. Basionym: A. alpina (L.) Gaertn. var. intermedia Rosenv. ***. 2n=c. 80, Bergman (1935a). GRL.
Comments:
(1)Scattered in W Greenland, partly well north of A. hansii. (Elven)
97.5.2.3Antennaria affinis Fern. (1931), Rhodora 33: 222. 2n=56 (8x), Jørgensen et al. (1958 Grl). GRL.
Comments:
(1)A scattered distribution in W Greenland. Probably closely related to the next. (Elven)
97.5.2.4Antennaria rousseaui A.E. Porsild (1949), Canad. Field.-Natural. 63: 80. Described from Payne River W of Ungava Bay. CAN.
Comments:
(1)A local endemic of Ungava Labrador. All the main differences from A. affinis seem to be quantitative. (Elven)
97.5.3Antennaria rosea Greene s. lat.
GALA CAN
Comments:
(1)A large North American aggregate, mainly temperate, where some entities (all agamospecies?) reach the Arctic, mainly in the west. See the revision of Bayer (1989, Brittonia 4: 53-60). Bayer in Cody (1996) recognised one species with four subspecies in Yukon Terr.: subsp. rosea incl. A. alborosea A.E. Porsild and A. oxyphylla Greene; subsp. arida; subsp. confinis incl. A. confinis Greene, A. leuchippi Porsild, A. elegans A.E. Porsild, A. breitungii A.E. Porsild, A. incarnata A.E. Porsild, and A. subviscosa Fern.; and subsp. pulvinata incl. A. isolepis Greene and A. pulvinata Greene. (Elven)
97.5.3.1Antennaria rosea Greene (1898), Pittonia 3: 281. Synonyms: A. rosea Greene subsp. rosea. Described from Rocky Mts. CAN.
Comments:
(1)Male plants unknown and most probably an agamospecies. Seems to reach the Arctic at the SW side of Hudson Bay (Porsild & Cody 1980). (Elven)
97.5.3.2Antennaria alborosea A.E. Porsild & Porsild (1947), Canad. Field-Natural. 60: 85. Synonyms: A. rosea Greene subsp. rosea sensu Bayer, p.p. Type: Canada: Yukon Terr.: Pelly Range, Rose R., leg. Porsild & Breitung 10190 (CAN) holotype. CAN?
Comments:
(1)Male plants unknown and most probably an agamospecies. A border case in the Great Bear Lake area. (Elven)
WARNING! Might be excluded as non-arctic or included in A. rosea s. str.
97.5.3.3Antennaria elegans A.E. Porsild (1950), Canad. Field-Natural. 64: 18. Synonyms: A. rosea Greene subsp. confinis (Greene) Bayer (1989), Brittonia 41: ***, p.p. Type: Canada: Yukon Terr.: Pelly Range, upper Rose R., leg. Porsild & Breitung 10411 (CAN) holotype. CAN?
Comments:
(1)Male plants unknown and most probably an agamospecies. A border case in the Great Bear Lake area. (Elven)
WARNING! Might be excluded as non-arctic.
97.5.3.4Antennaria nitida Greene (1898), Pittonia 3: 283. Described from Canada: James Bay: Charlton Island. CAN
Comments:
(1)Male plants are absent in the north, frequent in the south; probably a facultative apomict. Reaches the Arctic along the W coast of Hudson Bay and is a border case in the Great Bear Lake area. (Elven)
97.5.3.5Antennaria isolepis Greene (1911), Ottawa Natural. 25: 41. Synonyms: A. rosea Greene subsp. pulvinata (Greene) Bayer (1989), Brittonia 41: 59, p.p. Described from Canada: Hudson Bay: Cape Eskimo. ALA CAN.
Comments:
(1)Male plants unknown and most probably an agamospecies. (Elven)
97.5.3.6Antennaria oxyphylla Greene (1900), Pittonia 4: 284. Described from USA: Montana: Spanish Basin. CAN.
Comments:
(1)Male plants unknown and most probably an agamospecies. Reaches the Arctic in the Mackenzie River delta. (Elven)
Sect. Alpinae ***
Comments:
(1)About 20 species names are currently applied in this section in an arctic context, the majority in North America and Greenland. I have tentatively tried to group them into three aggregates which might be comparable to the aggregate species in Bayer's concept: the broadly amphi-Atlantic A. alpina s. lat. (the A. ungavensis aggregate in Scoggan's concept) and the mainly North American (Greenlandic) and amphi-Beringian A. friesiana s. lat. and A. monocephala s. lat. (Elven)
97.5.4Antennaria alpina (L.) Gaertn. s. lat.
GICE NOR RUS? CAN GRL
Comments:
(1)Bayer in Cody (1996) treated this aggregate collectively, probably because it was difficult to analyse it on North American representatives alone. It should be treated in the same way as the A. friesiana and A. monocephala aggregates but that is currently not possible.
Bayer applied the collective name A. alpina also for some NW American and amphi-Beringian entities. I am not sure that is the best solution and have tentatively transferred these entities 'compacta', 'cryomophylla' and perhaps 'subcanescens' to the A. friesiana group. (Elven)
97.5.4.1Antennaria alpina (L.) Gaertn. (1791), Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 410. Basionym: Gnaphalium alpinum L. (1753), Sp. Pl. 856. 2n=84 (12x), Nygren (1950c); Löve & Löve (1956b Icel); Urbanska-Worytkiewicz (1967 Norw); all for A. alpina s. str. ICE? NOR RUS? CAN? GRL?.
Comments:
(1)Male plants occur in low frequency, often localised in certain areas. Functional pollen seems to be rare or absent, and the species is probably mainly agamospermic. This is still a very heterogeneous species but no thorough analysis has been undertaken in the amphi-Atlantic area. The question mark for Russia refers to records from Rybachi Peninsula in the Murman area. The question marks for Iceland, Canada and Greenland refer to doubts about presence of this agamospecies in the western hemisphere; it may be replaced here by A. canescens (see below). Hultén & Fries (1986) mapped A. alpina s. str. only for Fennoscandia whereas all plants from Iceland westwards were mapped as A. canescens. (Elven)
97.5.4.2Antennaria canescens (Lange) Malte (1934), Rhodora 36: 109. Basionym: A. alpina (L.) Gaertn. var. canescens Lange (1869), Fl. Dan. 47: 9, t. 2786, f. 1. Synonyms: A. canescens (Lange) Malte subsp. canescens. 2n=56 (8x), Jørgensen et al. (1958 Grl); Löve (1970a Icel?). ICE? NOR? CAN GRL.
Comments:
(1)Male plants unknown and most probably an agamospecies. Several authors (e.g., Löve 1970a, Hämet-Ahti et al. 1986) also report this entity from Iceland and N Fennoscandia. However, it most probably is a western parallel to A. alpina s. str. and a major entity of the genus in Greenland and NE Canada. (Elven)
97.5.4.3Antennaria boecherana A.E. Porsild (1965), Bot. Tidskr. 61: 36. Synonyms: A. canescens (Lange) Malte subsp. boecherana (A.E. Porsild) Á. Löve ***. 2n=56 (8x), *** (Grl); Löve (1970a Icel). GRL.
Comments:
(1)Male plants unknown and most probably an agamospecies. Scattered in SW, S and SE Greenland. The reported Löve chromosome number from Iceland is dubious as this species is not elsewhere recognised from Iceland and as the count is only a secondary report in a Flora, without primary documentation. (Elven)
97.5.4.4Antennaria porsildii E. Ekm. (1927), Sv. Bot. Tidsskr. 21: 51. Synonyms: A. canescens (Lange) Malte subsp. porsildii (E. Ekman) Á. Löve & D. Löve (1976), Bot. Not. 128: 519. 2n= (1) 63 (9x), (2) 70 (10x). (1) Nygren (1950c); Böcher & Larsen in Jørgensen et al. (1958 Grl). (2) Urbanska-Worytkiewicz (1967 N Norw). GRL.
Comments:
(1)Male plants unknown and most probably an agamospecies. The entity is one of the distinctly western arctic plants in N Fennoscandia but does not reach the Arctic here. It differs both morphologically and ecologically fairly well from A. alpina and A. canescens. (Elven)
97.5.4.5Antennaria sornborgeri Fern. (1916), Rhodora 18: 237. Synonyms: A. brevistyla Fern. ***. CAN GRL.
Comments:
(1)Male plants unknown and most probably an agamospecies. A scattered distribution in E and W Greenland and NE Canada. (Elven)
97.5.4.6Antennaria ungavensis (Fern.) Malte (1934), Rhodora 36: 110. Basionym: A. alpina (L.) Gaertn. var. ungavensis Fern. ***. CAN.
Comments:
(1)Male plants unknown and most probably an agamospecies. The range is disjunct with a main area in Ungava Labrador and extending to the W coast of Hudson Bay, and then with a locality group in the Rockies in Alberta. Strange! (Elven)
97.5.5Antennaria friesiana (Trautv.) E. Ekman s. lat.
GSIB RFE ALA CAN GRL
Comments:
(1)A fairly homogeneous group where a few of the narrowly Beringian entities seem to be sexual whereas the majority probably are predominantly or exclusively agamospermic. Many of them have been treated as subspecies of A. friesiana, but as this has not been consistently done they are proposed entered as 'species' here. (Elven)
97.5.5.1Antennaria friesiana (Trautv.) E. Ekm. (1928), Sv. Bot. Tidskr. 22: 416. Basionym: A. alpina (L.) Gaertn. var. friesiana Trautv. (1878), Tr. Peterb. Bot. Sada 6: 24. Synonyms: A. friesiana (Trautv.) E. Ekm. subsp. friesiana; A. ekmaniana A.E. Porsild (1943), Sargentia 4: 69. Described from Siberia: Kolyma R. 2n= (1) 60, Zhukova & Petrovsky (1971). (2) 63 (9x), Zhukova (1965a). (3) 70 (10x), Zhukova & Tikhonova (1971). (4) c. 80, Zhukova et al. (1973). (5) 84 (12x), Jørgensen et al. (1958 Grl, as A. ekmaniana), Zhukova & Tikhonova (1971). SIB RFE ALA CAN GRL.
Comments:
(1)Male plants unknown and most probably an agamospecies. This is the major entity of the group and distributed from the Lena area throughout NE Asia and N America to W Greenland, i.e., through the entire range of the group. The value of the two subspecies entered below should be evaluated. (Elven)
97.5.5.2Antennaria friesiana (Trautv.) E. Ekm. subsp. pseudoisolepis Petrovsky (1986), Nov. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 23: 194. RFE.
97.5.5.3Antennaria friesiana (Trautv.) E. Ekm. subsp. beringensis Petrovsky (1986), Nov. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 23: 193. RFE ALA? CAN? GRL?
Comments:
(1)Is this variety based on A. friesiana var. beringensis Hultén (1967), Ark. Bot., ser. 2, 7, 1; 134? (Elven)
(2)Fl. Arct. URSS 10 (p. 95) indicates a possible synonymy with A. subcanescens Ostenf. If this is true, and if the distribution in North America of the latter is as mapped by Porsild & Cody (1980, see comment below), we should be a little reluctant to accept that entity. (Elven)
97.5.5.4Antennaria subcanescens Ostenf. ex Malte (1934), Rhodora 36: 112. Described from Canada: NWT: Bernard Harbour. ALA? CAN? GRL?
Comments: See also A. friesiana subsp. beringensis.
(1)Male plants unknown and most probably an agamospecies. The range given by Porsild & Cody (1980) is strange; a few very scattered sites in E and W Greenland, S Baffin Island, and along the Arctic Coast west to Point Hope on the Bering Strait. The range is not consistent. (Elven)
97.5.5.5Antennaria compacta Malte (1934), Rhodora 36: 111. Synonyms: A. friesiana (Trautv.) E. Ekm. subsp. compacta (Malte) Hultén (1967), Ark. Bot., ser. 2, 7, 1: 134. Described from Canada: NWT: Mackenzie distr., Bernard Harbour. 2n=>60, Zhukova et al. (1973). ALA CAN GRL.
Comments:
(1)Included in A. alpina s. l. by Bayer in Cody (1996). (Elven)
(2)Male plants unknown and most probably an agamospecies. A widely distributed entity from E Greenland to W Alaska. Some authors synonymise A. cryomophylla with A. compacta. I have tentatively retained them as separate entities but the very restricted range of A. cryomophylla falls entirely inside that of A. compacta (see Porsild & Cody 1980). (Elven)
(3)Antennaria densifolia A.E. Porsild (1945), Bull. Natl. Mus. Canada 101, Biol. ser. 30: 26, has been indicated as a synonym of A. compacta. This is probably not right. Both sexes are present in the populations of Antennaria densifolia and it is probably sexual (Bayer in Cody 1996). It is treated as a separate species by Bayer. It is not present in the Arctic as its northern limit seems to be in Mackenzie Mts. This entity should therefore be omitted also from synonymy. (Elven)
97.5.5.6Antennaria cryomophylla A.E. Porsild (1943), Sargentia 4: 69. Described from Canada: Mackenzie District: Caribou Hills. CAN.
Comments: See also A. compacta.
(1)Male plants unknown and most probably an agamospecies. Mapped by Porsild & Cody (1980) from a group of non-arctic sites in E Alaska and from a single site east of the Mackenzie River delta. The range is not very consistent and the entity seems to be dubious. Porsild & Cody indicate affinity to more southern Rocky Mts. entities. (Elven)
97.5.5.7Antennaria alaskana Malte (1934), Rhodora 36: 107. Synonyms: A. friesiana (Trautv.) E. Ekm. subsp. alaskana (Malte) Hultén (1967), Ark. Bot., ser. 2, 7, 1: 134. Type: Alaska: Pt Clarence, leg. Walpole 1496 (GH) holotype. 2n= (1) 56 (8x), Johnson & Packer (1968 Ala). (2) 63 (9x), Zhukova & Tikhonova (1971). RFE? ALA CAN.
Comments:
(1)Male and female plants equally frequent and probably sexual. This is in contrast with the reported chromosome numbers; these are more characteristic of agamospermic Antennarias. The question mark for RFE refers to doubts about its presence west of the Bering Strait. (Elven)
97.5.5.8Antennaria neoalaskana A.E. Porsild (1943), Sargentia 4: 71. Synonyms: A. friesiana (Trautv.) E. Ekm. subsp. neoalaskana (A.E. Porsild) Bayer & Stebbins (1994), Can. J. Bot. 71: 1596. Described from Canada: NWT: Richardson Mts. ALA CAN.
Comments:
(1)Male and female plants equally frequent and probably sexual. Included in A. compacta (=A. friesiana subsp. compacta) by Löve & Löve (1975). (Elven)
97.5.5.9Antennaria pseudoarenicola Petrovsky (1986), Nov. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 23: 195. RFE.
Comments:
(1)A local entity in E and S Chukotka. Affinity to this aggregate? (Elven)
97.5.6Antennaria monocephala (Torr. & A. Gray) DC. s. lat.
GRFE ALA CAN GRL
Comments:
(1)Both sexual and agamospermic entities occur. The first four entities constitute a natural group whereas the affinites of the two last is more uncertain. (Elven)
97.5.6.1Antennaria monocephala (Torr. & A. Gray) DC. (1838), Prodr. 6: 269. Basionym: A. alpina (L.) Gaertn. var. (beta) monocephala Torr. & A. Gray (1800), Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 430. Synonyms: A. monocephala (Torr. & A. Gray) DC. subsp. monocephala; A. monocephala (Torr. & A. Gray) DC. var. monocephala; A. monocephala (Torr. & A. Gray) DC. var. exilis (Greene) Hultén (1937), Fl. Aleut. Isl. 320. Described from Alaska: Unalaska, leg. Chamisso. 2n= (1) 56 (8x), Zhukova (1969). (2) c. 60, Zhukova (1968). (3) c. 70 (10x), Krogulevich (1971), Packer & McPherson (1974). (4) c. 80, Zhukova & Tikhonova (1973). RFE ALA.
Comments:
(1)Male and female plants equally frequent and probably sexual. A comparatively narrow Beringian entity with some sites in Chukotka but with a major area in NW America west of the Mackenzie. (Elven)
97.5.6.2Antennaria philonipha A.E. Porsild (1939), Rhodora 41: 294. Synonyms: A. monocephala (Torr. & A. Gray) DC. subsp. philonipha (A.E. Porsild) Hultén (1967), Ark. Bot., ser. 2, 7, 1: 135. Described from Canada: "Arctic coast, east of Mackenzie, near Kittigazuit". RFE? ALA CAN.
Comments:
(1)Male and female plants equally frequent and probably sexual. Occurs almost exclusively within the range of A. monocephala in Alaska, Yukon and westernmost Mackenzie Terr., hybridises with it (Porsild & Cody 1980), and it is synonymised with A. monocephala subsp. monocephala by Bayer in Cody (1996). We should probably follow that and accept some polymorphy in this sexual entity. The 'philonipha' entity is synonymised with A. monocephala s. str. by Petrovsky (1987) and therefore not mapped separately on the Russian side, if it occurs there. (Elven)
97.5.6.3Antennaria angustata Greene (1898), Pittonia 3: 284. Synonyms: A. monocephala (Torr. & A. Gray) DC. subsp. angustata (Greene) Hultén (1967), Ark. Bot., ser. 2, 7, 1: 135; A. pygmaea Fern. (1914), Rhodora 16: 129; A. burwellensis Malte (1934), Rhodora 36: 111; A. tansleyi Polunin (1940), Bot. Canad. East. Arctic 1: 357; A. tweedsmuirii Polunin (1940), Bot. Canad. East. Arctic 1: 357. Described from Canada: "Hudson's Strait". 2n=100±20, Mosquin & Hayley (1966). RFE? ALA CAN GRL.
Comments:
(1)Male plants unknown and most probably an agamospecies. This is the main agamospermic parallel to A. monocephala / philonipha and with a wider distribution than the sexuals. It reaches from W Greenland to W Alaska and perhaps to Chukotka. The question mark for RFE is due to the map of Porsild & Cody (1980). (Elven)
(2)Bayer in Cody (1996) synonymised A. pygmaea with A. monocephala subsp. angustata. That solution is followed here even if Scoggan (1979) kept it as a separate species based on involucral bract criteria. Antennaria pygmaea was described from Labrador. Male plants are unknown and it is most probably agamospermic like the other entities synonymised with A. angustata. Antennaria tweedsmuirii was synonymised with A. pygmaea by Scoggan. It was at the time of description known only from a single colony in the type site: Canada: Cape Smith, east coast of Hudson Bay, 03.08.1936, leg. N. Polunin 1374 (CAN) holotype. (Elven)
97.5.6.4Antennaria dioiciformis Kom. (1930), Fl. Kamtch. 3: 130. RFE.
Comments:
(1)Accepted as a separate species in the A. monocephala affinity by Petrovsky in Yurtsev (1987, Fl. Arct. URSS 10). It has a fairly wide range in Russian Far East. As it becomes much more frequent along the Bering Strait, it is at least probable that it occurs under a different name in Alaska. (Elven)