8th Science Semester Final Review Sheet
Atoms and the Periodic Table (Your ISN has several helpful notes and foldables to study. Your midterm is also good if you still have it.)
Understand the structure of atoms, including masses, electrical charges, and locations of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
To find the number of neutrons in an atom, subtract the atomic mass (rounded to the nearest whole number) minus the atomic number (number of protons).
Atomic mass= atomic number (protons) + neutrons
Know that protons determine an element’s identity and valence electrons determine its chemical properties, including reactivity.
Know the difference between and be able to identify elements and compounds.
Be able to compare metals, nonmetals and metalloids.
Identify that all organic compounds contain carbon.
Interpret the arrangement of the Periodic Table.
G
R
O
U
Period
Know that elements within the same group (family) have similar properties.
Know the number of valence electrons for groups 1, 2, and 13-18.
Be able to determine the number of atoms of each element in chemical formulas containing subscripts.
Know the evidences of a chemical reaction. Ex.-color change, bubbles or fizzing, precipitate is formed, new substance is formed, smoke or fire, and unexpected temperature change. The only sure way to know if a chemical change occurred is if a new substance was formed.
Recognize whether a chemical equation containing coefficients is balanced or not and how that relates to the law of conservation of mass. The law of conservation of mass states that during a chemical reaction, matter is not created or destroyed
Force and Motion
Know the difference between speed, velocity, and acceleration.
Speed-the distance an object travels per unit of time
Velocity- speed and direction
Acceleration- a change in velocity, includes speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction
Review and understand motion graphs (distance vs time graphs and speed vs time graphs) (your notes in your ISN are helpful)
Know the difference between potential and kinetic energy and be able identify the most potential and kinetic energy in diagram (rollercoaster flipbook is helpful)
Be able to use and apply the following formulas: (a formula chart will be given as well)
Average speed = total distance/ time
Force = mass x acceleration
SI unit for force-Newtons (N)
SI unit for mass- kilograms (kg)
SI unit for acceleration-meters per second squared (m/s2)
Understand Newton’s laws of motion and be able to identify them in a given scenario.
Newton’s 1st law (law of inertia)-Objects at rest tend to stay at rest, and objects in motion tend to stay in motion (ex.-pulling a tablecloth out from under dishes-dishes stay on table)
Newton’s 2nd law (law of force and acceleration) force equals mass times acceleration
Newton’s 3rd law (law of action-reaction)-For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. (ex.-rocket launches)
Earth, Sun & Moon
Understand the Earth’s rotation and revolution and be able to identify them in diagrams and illustrations.
Rotation- the Earth’s spin on its axis; one full rotation takes 24 hours; causes day and night
Revolution- the orbit of the Earth around the Sun; one revolution around the Sun takes about 365 days
Understand the causes of seasons and be able to identify them in diagrams and illustrations.
Seasons are caused the Earth’s tilt on its axis. It is winter in the northern hemisphere when the Earth is tilted away from the Sun and summer when the Earth is tilted toward the Sun. The southern hemisphere has summer and winter at opposite times from the northern hemisphere because of it is tilted toward and away from the Sun being the opposite.
Understand that the amount of daylight in the Northern and Southern hemisphere is dependent upon the season. There is more daylight in the summer, less in the winter for each. During the spring and fall neither hemisphere is tilted toward or away from the Sun so each hemisphere receives about equal amount of daytime and nighttime. The equator receives the least amount of change in daylight throughout the year because of its location around the middle of the Earth.
Lunar cycle
Know and understand the phases of the moon. The phases of the moon are the different shapes of the moon as seen from Earth. (Be able to identify each phase and know the sequence of the lunar cycle.) (Understand each phase and its position from the Sun and Earth.) Refer to lunar cycle flipbook in ISN.
New moon, waxing crescent, 1st quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, 3rd quarter, waning crescent
Light on the right is waxing.
Light on the left is waning.
Tides
Understand spring and neap tides. Know what moon phases occur during each. (Refer to spring and neap tide notes in ISN.)
Spring tides happen during a full and new moon. They have very high tide and very low tide. (the Sun, Earth and moon are in a straight line)
Neap tides happen during the 1st and 3rd quarter moon. During neap tide the high tide is lower and the low tide is higher.(when the moon and Sun are 90 degrees from each other)