EUROPE’S WORLD SUPREMACY, 1871-1914

78: Imperialism: Its nature and causes

  1. How may imperialism be defined?
  1. How did the “new imperialism” differ from the colonialism of earlier times? What different gradations of European domination may be noted? How was European rule generally imposed?
  1. Discuss the motives behind European expansion in the late nineteenth century. What was the relative importance of economic pressure, security and nonpolitical/economic motives.
  1. With what “mission” was imperialism identified? How would you evaluate the attitude expressed in the lines by Kipling?
  1. How do the illustrations on pp. 632, 634 and 638 depict aspects of nineteenth-century imperialism?

Identifications

ColonyneomercantilismImperialism, the Highest

Protectorate“surplus capital” Stage of Capitalism

Sphere of influenceJ.A. Hobson“White Man’s burden”

“sheltered markets”Joseph Chamberlainmission civilisatrice

79 The Americas

  1. What policies toward Mexico did the U.S. following in the years before 1870?
  1. What were the general results of the relationship of the U.S. with Latin America in the age of imperialism?

Identifications

Monroe DoctrineRoosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

Napoleon III’s Mexican plan“dollar diplomacy”

Maximillian“good neighbor” policy

80. Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire

  1. How did the Ottoman Empire differ from the European states in its political organization and nature? What efforts at reform were made from 1856 to 1876? How did the reform effort end?
  1. Why was Turkey called the “sick man of Europe”?
  1. Why were the British concerned about the Russo-Turkish War of 1877? How was a general war averted?
  1. What problems persisted in the Ottoman Empire after 1878? Explain the major steps in the dissolution of the empire from 1908 to 1923.

Identifications

“capitulations”Pan SlavismBerlin to Baghdad railway

Hatt-I HumayumSuez CanalIsmail

Abdul Aziztreaty of San StefanoColonel Arabi

Midhat Pasha“jingoism”Evelyn Baring

Abdul HamidCongress of Berlin

Young Turks

81: The Partition of Africa

  1. Explain the process by which Africa was partitioned after 1870. How successful were attempts at international control in the partition of Africa?
  1. Which areas were occupied and controlled by Germany, France and Britain respectively? By other European powers?
  1. How did the partition of Africa affect relations among the European powers? What do the illustrations and caption on p. 659 tell you about the Boer War?

Identifications

David LivingstoneBrussels conferenceCecil Rhode

H.M. Stanleyof 1889Jameson Raid

Karl Peters“indirect rule”Boer War

Brazzahut taxPaul Kruger

Leopold IIAdowaUnion of South Africa

Berlin conference of 1885Fashoda crisis

Congo Free State

82: Imperialism in Asia: The Dutch, the British, And the Russians

  1. How did the Dutch create and maintain their empire in the East Indies? What resistance developed?
  2. How did British rule in India change after the events of 1857?
  3. Explain the growth and nature of Indian nationalism.
  4. What seemed to be the principal motives for the Russian expansion in Asia? Why and where did the Russians come into conflict with the British? With what results?

Identifications

“culture system”British East India CompanyAll India Muslim League

SutteeMogul EmpireAfghan Wars

SepoysEmpress of IndiaAnglo-Russian agreement

“Indian Mutiny”Indian National Congresspartition of Persia

83: Imperialism in Asia: China and the West

  1. Discuss the major internal developments taking place in China in the early nineteenth century. What policy did the Europeans pursue with respect to China?
  2. What right did Europeans and other outsiders acquire as a result of the Opium Wars? What further gains did Europeans make in China from 1860 to 1898?
  3. What did Japan gain as a result of the Sino-Japanese War in 1894? What kind of international crisis followed? Why were the Russians concerned over the status of Manchuria?
  4. Summarize the concessions extracted from China in 1898 by the Germans, the Russians, the French, and the British. What were the motives behind the Open Door Policy?
  5. What were the net consequences of imperialist expansion in China by the end of the nineteenth century?

Identifications

Taiping Rebellionextraterritorial rightsTrans-Siberian Railway

Opium WarsAnnamLiaotung peninsula

Burning of the SummerFrench IndochinaOpen Door

PalaceSino-Japanese War of 1894Boxer Uprising

“treaty system”treaty of Shimonoseki

84 The Russo-Japanese War and it consequences

  1. How did the interests of Russia and of Japan conflict in northeast China?
  2. Describe the nature and outcome of the Russo-Japanese War. What was President Theodore Roosevelt’s objective in his offer of mediation?
  3. Of what special significance for later history was the Russo-Japanese War? In what sense did it herald important developments of the twentieth century?

Identifications

Chinese Eastern Railwaybattle of Mukdentreaty of Portsmouth

Anglo-Japanese alliancebattle of Tsushima Strait