World War 1 Study Guide for Test – 50 points (Multiple Choice, Matching, Fill in Blank (word bank), 1 short answer)
4 Long-Term Causes of World War 1
Militarism______
Alliance System______
Imperialism______
Nationalism ______
Describe the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Who did it? When? Why?)
Serbia angry at Austria-Hungary (taking land)
GavriloPrincip (member – Blank Hand [secret society]) assassinated heir to Austria-Hungary throne
How did Austria-Hungary use the assassination to attack Serbia?
Austria-Hungary linked the Serbian government with Blank Hand society – decided to use this opportunity to crush Serbians
Who did Serbia have ties with?Russia
Who did Austria-Hungary have as their ally?Germany
*Be able to put the chain reaction events in chronological order (1-7)
___7___Great War begins
___3___Russia mobilizes army to help its ally Serbia
___1___Austria Hungary blames Serbia for murder of Archduke
___4___Germany views this as a threat; declares war on Russia
___5___Germany declares war of Russia’s ally, France; to get to France, Germany invades neutral Belgium(Germany’s plan for fighting a two fronted war - knock out France and concentrate forces on eastern front against Russia)
___2___Austria Hungary (with support from Germany) declares war on Serbia
___6___Great Britain declares war on Germany because of treaties with Belgium, France, and Russia
Were these countries on the Central Powers [CP] or Allied Powers [AP]?
Austria-Hungary__CP_____
Germany___CP_____
France __AP______
Great Britain _____AP______
Russia _____AP______
United States _____AP______
America Enters the War
When war was declared in Europe, America adopted a policy of _neutrality and isolation______
Why?_Many Americans wanted to remain isolated from war; believed war was NOT in US best interest; big Atlantic Ocean separating US from European problems______
What does it mean “a policy of fairness?”__American bankers could lend money to both sides in the war; could trade with both sides_______
Reasons why the U.S. Entered the War
1) Economic Ties______
Who did U.S. trade more with?Britain and France______
What made it nearly impossible for America to trade with Germany?British blockade of German coastline______
Why did they (above question) do what they did to Germany?British responding to Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare______
2) Submarine Warfare______
Did the U.S. protest this?YES______
3)Germany sinks the Lusitania______
How many Americans were killed?128_______
What did Germany do to warn Americans about cross the Atlantic on British ships? Took out newspaper advertisements warning Americans about crossing the Atlantic____________
Wilson demanded what three things of Germany? Apology, Reparations, and Promise not to use subs again____________
Germany agreed to how many of Wilson’s things? First 2 only______
Why did Wilson just accept Germany’s response?The ship wasn’t American (it was British cruise liner)______
However, what did Germany agree to (with regards to their submarines)?
They adopted “cruiser tactics” and surfaces and attacked a ship by guns fitted on to their decks______
4)Zimmermann Telegram – secret message from Germany to Mexico encouraging them to attack US and in return Mexico could reclaim land lost to the US; outraged Americans and Wilson ______
5)Russian Revolution______
Wilson believed that the revolution that overthrew the Czar was a good thing since it would bring _democracy______
6)Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare______
7)Propaganda______
Anti-German propaganda often referred to Germans as Huns______
What was the reason Wilson stated (from your notes) for the US to declare war against Germany? “Keep the world safe for democracy_______”
When US entered the war, Europe was already devastated by how many years of war? _3______
What three things did U.S. bring a fresh supply of when they entered the war?
_Soldiers, weapons, and supplies______
How did the U.S. Government recruit soldiers? __Selective Service______Act
The fighting of World War 1 ended on __November 11, 1918______
This is known as _Armistice Day______
Who was not invited to the Paris Peace Conference?
__”Losers” – Central Powers, small Allied nations, and U.S.S. R. (Russia – signed a separate peace with Germany year before)______
The European Allies rejected Wilson’s Fourteen Points Plan because their goal is to do what?
___PUNISH the Central Powers – especially Germany______
How did the German people feel about the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?
_____Provoked anger, hostility, bitter feelings______
Why did they feel this way (i.e. Why did they believe that their country had NOT been honorably defeated)?
____Rumors – Germany’s soldiers had not been able to finish the fight due to sabotage by traitors and pacifists (those who wanted peace) at home, including the Jews_”Stabbed in the back.”______
Things you need to know from the Student Presentations
Weapons and New Technology
What were some of the NEW technological weapons used during World War 1?
Machine guns, heavy artillery, tanks, flamethrowers, trench mortars, grenades
What weapon was mainly used for intimidation (Psychological warfare) but not so much for actual fighting? Bayonets
Life in the Trenches
What animals lived with the men in the trenches?
Lice, Rats
Describe the conditions of living in the trench
Wet, muddy, dead bodies lying around (smell), food (terrible – luck to get meat once a week; Trenchfoot and frostbite due to standing in freezing waterlogged trench
Poison Gas
What country was the first to use poisonous gas? What country is often thought of as using it first (but didn’t)?
French; Germany
Describe some of the symptoms a person would feel if they were in a poison gas attack
Violent cough, Blisters on skin, eyes, and lungs, temporary blindness, confusion
War and Medicine
What was trench foot?
A disease which makes your foot turn blue or red and numb (often involves blisters and open sores which allows for fungal infections ; caused by exposure to damp and wet conditions (trenches)
What was Shell Shock?
Psychological trauma suffered by men serving on battlefronts; symptoms range from moderate panic attacks (which sometimes caused men to flee battlefield- CRIME court martial for desertion) to mental and physical paralysis
Describe (briefly) how wounded men were removed from the battlefield during this time? (be sure to include Stretcher-bearers and Casualty Clearing Stations)
Stretcher-bearers would stand at the back of the battlefield and when signaled, would run with 2 people per stretcher to get the injured person and carry him back to safety. They were to patch the man up and either return them to their duty or pass them back to Advanced Dressing Station
Casualty Clearing Stations large units which were there to move men from the battlefields on to the hospitals; Located behind the front lines of the battle; work in rotation (treating men and then evacuating them by train or ambulance further away)
War in the Air
What are Zeppelins and why were they important for Air Raids?
Like today’s blimp – filled with many other balloons to allow the aircraft to float; They were the best aircraft to cover long distant (could carry and distribute goods and weapons); Quiet
HOWEVER sometimes unsuccessful due to the enemy’s anti-air guns (shoot it down)
Manfred von Richthofen – who was he and what was his nickname?
Known as the Red Baron; German; Most famous flying ace in WW1; Commander of “flying circus”; 80 kills before being shot down
Eddie Rickenbacker – who was he and what was his claim to fame?
American; Top scoring American pilot in WW1 (26 victories); before war, was world’s top race car driver
War At Sea
What country was the first to operate submarines? How many did they start off with and how many did they end up with (at the end of the war)?Germany – 28 subs (beginning) , 375 subs (end)
What was another name for a German submarine?U-boats (underwater boats)
What is the connection between a submarine and the Lusitania, a British passenger ship?
A German U-boat fired a single torpedo and sank it
Spies and Codes
Were spies infiltrating other countries or were they only code breakers? Infiltrating
If they were infiltrating other countries, give one example from the note sheet that proves this
Sidney Reilly [British]– obtained weapon plans in Germany (used lock picks to break in – had to strangle the foreman, who discovered him.
Mansfield George Smith-Cummings [British] – arrested 22 German spies in England
Simon Emil Koedel [German] – was in New York City monitoring American ports and US military suppliers
Looking at the mini biography of Karl Hans Lody, how could a spy start “messing up?”
Making mistakes - writing his letters in German, stopped encrypting the letters
Art and War
Discuss the “freedom” artists had during World War 1 concerning pictures and paintings that the people back home would see
Really wasn’t any freedom to paint/draw what they saw; Censorship was heavy (government did not allow any acts of sedition – didn’t allow any talk or support of ideas that could have possibly undermined the war effort; Gov’t told artists what they could and couldn’t draw
What forms of propaganda were being used and why was it used in these ways?
Pictures, literature, music, and film – showed atrocities of war as a way of mobilizing hatred against Germany (blacken the enemy’s name); people didn’t get full idea of what the war was actually going to be like
Up Close and Personal - Soldier’s Perspective
Who would you rather have been – a soldier (who just followed orders) or a leader (ex: General) who had to make the decisions? Why?
Opinion and EXPLAIN
Which man do you admire most (in the ones who were presented in this presentation) and why?
Opinion and EXPLAIN
Homefront
Define home front:civilian activities and effort at home in support of war overseas
What were the ages of the men who had to register due to the Selective Service Act of 1917?
At first – 21-31
Later – 18 - 45
How did women play their part for the war effort at home? Worked in the factories; worked the farms
TERMS- Know for test
Sovereignty
Having supreme, independent authority; power to rule and make laws
Militarism
Military forces are given a high profile by the government (needed to protect your empire)
Alliance
An agreement made between two or more countries to give each other help if it is needed (had no option but to declare war if one of their allies declared war first)
Imperialism
When a country takes over new lands or countries and makes them subject to their rule
Nationalism
Being a strong supporter of the rights and interests of one’s country
“He kept us out of war”
President Wilson’s campaign slogan for reelection
Zimmerman Telegram
Secret note sent from Germany foreign secretary to Germany’s minister in Mexico urging Mexico to attack the U.S.
American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
U.S. Armed Forces sent to Europe during World War 1
Doughboys
Nickname of an American soldier or Marine during World War 1
Armistice
An agreement to stop fighting
Paris Peace Conference
A conference where two dozen countries gathered together to discuss how to end the war permanently
Treaty of Versailles
The outcome of the Paris Peace Conference; U.S. Senate rejected this because of League of Nations clause
Fourteen Points Plan
Wilson’s plan for peace
League of Nations
Was there to solve disagreements between countries by talking about the problems instead of fighting wars
War Guilt Clause
In Treaty of Versailles, Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war
“War to end all wars”
What the Great War was supposed to be
Red Poppies
World’s most recognized memorial symbols for soldiers who have died in conflict
PEOPLE – know for test
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Heir to the Austria-Hungarian Throne
GavriloPrincip
Slavic nationalist and member of the Blank Hand (secret society) whose assassination attempt sparked World War 1
Woodrow Wilson
US President during World War 1 – known as a “man of peace”
John Joseph “Black Jack” Pershing
General of the AEF (didn’t want to send his troops in untrained)
Henry Cabot Lodge
Republican Senator who lead the Senate to reject the ratification of Treaty of Versailles