4.02 Evaluate the impact that settlement in the West had upon different groups of people and the environment.

  1. The Indian Wars
  2. 1st Treaty of ______(1851): 8 Native American groups agreed to specific limited geographic boundaries in return for the US government promising to honor those boundaries forever
  3. Settlers Move into the Great Plains
  4. Ignored treaties signed by US government
  5. Forced the Indians to move further west
  6. Extermination of the ______
  7. Plains Indians relied on the buffalo as their primary source of food, clothing, & shelter
  8. As more settlers entered the plains, the buffalo hunting grounds were destroyed
  9. Settlers killed animals to protect their crops
  10. Professional hunters killed many for their hides which were popular in the east
  11. Sport hunters killed many just for fun
  12. Railroad companies killed buffalo to keep them from blocking the tracks
  13. The US Army killed many to deprive the Indians of food and force them onto the reservations
  14. ______Uprising (1862)
  15. Dakota Sioux had agreed to stay on a reservation in Minnesota
  16. US government had agreed to pay annuities to Indians on the reservation
  17. In 1862, Congress delayed paying Sioux due to the Civil War, resulting in widespread hunger
  18. Chief ______asked traders to sell the Sioux food on credit until the annuities were paid; traders refused
  19. In desperation, the Sioux took up arms
  20. Little Crow tried to limit the violence, but angry Indians killed hundreds of settlers before federal troops arrived
  21. Military courts sentenced 307 Dakota Sioux to death; Lincoln reduced the number to 38
  22. Many of the Sioux left Minnesota reservation and took refuge in the Dakota Territory
  23. The ______Massacre (1864)
  24. US forced Cheyenne to give up lands promised to them by treaty
  25. Cheyenne retaliated by attacking settlements in Colorado
  26. Colorado governor ordered the Cheyenne to surrender at Ft. Lyon or face the consequences
  27. Cheyenne under Chief ______arrived at Ft. Lyon to negotiate a peace treaty and made camp at Sand Creek
  28. US forces attacked the unsuspecting Cheyenne, killing about 270, including women and children in retaliation for the Cheyenne’s earlier attacks on settlers
  29. The Lakota Sioux
  30. After the trouble with the Dakota Sioux, US Army began to patrol into the Great Plains to prevent other Sioux from organizing
  31. The nomadic Lakota Sioux were determined to defend their territory against incursion by both white settlers and the Army
  32. Several conflicts ensued
  33. ______Massacre (1866)
  34. Capt. William Fettermanand 80 soldiers were lured out of their fort along the Bozeman Trail in Wyoming by Lakota Chief ______
  35. They walked into an ambush and were wiped out by the Lakota
  36. The ______Commission (1867)
  37. Formed by Congress in 1867, toured the Great Plains
  38. Concluded problems were due to incursions by whites into Indian territory
  39. Proposed creating 2 large reservations on the plains which would be managed by agents of the ______
  40. US Army would be given full authority to deal with Indians who did not move to the reservations
  41. Plan didn’t work due to resistance from the Indians
  42. 2nd Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1868)
  43. Also called the Sioux Treaty of 1868
  44. Guaranteed the Lakota ownership of the ______in the Dakotas, as well as hunting rights elsewhere
  45. Gold miners would violate the treaty, triggering later uprisings
  46. The Lakota sued the US government in 1980 for violation of this treaty, winning $120 million in damages; Lakota refused the money and continue to press for return of their lands
  47. Battle of ______(1876): also known as “Custer’s Last Stand”
  48. US Army under ______launched a cavalry attack on a group of 2500 Sioux & Cheyenne warriors led by Lakota Chief ______
  49. The Indians repulsed the attack, then surrounded Custer’s detachment and killed him and all 210 of his men
  50. Last major Indian victory
  51. After surrendering to US troops in 1877, Crazy Horse was shot while “resisting” his guards
  52. The ______Dance
  53. Lakota had finally relented in 1877 and settled on a reservation under Chief ______
  54. Lakota had begun performing a ritual known as the Ghost Dance, a celebration of a hoped-for day when the white settlers would disappear, the buffalo would return, and all of the Indians’ dead ancestors would come back
  55. In 1890, federal agents ordered an end to the Ghost Dance, but the Lakota ignored the order
  56. Sitting Bull was blamed for the Lakota’s defiance over the Ghost Dance and ordered arrested; while being arrested he was shot and killed
  57. Battle of ______
  58. Angered over Sitting Bull’s death, the Ghost Dancers left the reservation, breaking their treaty agreement
  59. US troops pursued
  60. Dec. 29, 1890: the two groups met at Wounded Knee Creek, resulting in a battle; 25 US soldiers and about 200 Lakota (mostly women, children, and the elderly) died
  61. Last major battle of the Indian Wars
  62. Chief ______and the Nez Perce
  63. Nez Perce refused to give up their assigned reservation in Idaho in 1877
  64. US Army threatened to forcibly relocate them; violence broke out and the Nez Perce fled, trying to reach Canada
  65. Retreated 1300 miles and got within 30 miles of Canadian border before being cut off by the Army and surrendering
  66. Forced to relocate to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma)
  67. ______
  68. Wrote A Century of Dishonor (1881)
  69. Exposed the shameful way the US government and Army had treated the Indians, chastised Congress to make amends
  70. Created concern for the plight, led Congress to try to find a new approach to Indian relations
  71. The ______Act (1887)
  72. Abolished ______
  73. Broke up communally held reservation land by allotting each Indian head of household 160 acres for farming; single adults received 80 acres, children each received 40 acres
  74. Remaining reservation land was sold to white settlers with the money going into a trust set aside for Native Americans
  75. Dawes Act was a failure
  76. Land allotted was of poor quality
  77. Indians had little interest or experience in farming, didn’t want to be ______into “American-style” of life
  78. Many sold their allotments
  79. Didn’t like loss of reservation land to white settlers
  80. Agents put in charge were often corrupt or biased
  81. Indian “problem” was solved by the decrease in Indian population due to hunger and disease