2nd Semester Final Study Guide
95 Theses
Absolute monarch
Act of Supremacy
Allies
Amish
Anabaptists
Ancient regime
Andreas Versalius
Anne Boleyn
Annexed
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Armistice
Balance of power
Baptist
Bartolome de Las Casas
Bastille
Bourgeoisie
Boyars
Cahiers
Cape Town
Cardinal Richelieu
Catherine the Great
Catholicism
Catholic Reformation
Central Powers
Charles II
Circumnavigate
Compact
compromise
Conquistador
Constitutional government
Convoy
Copernicus
Council of Trent
Counter-Reformation
Declaration of Pilnitz
Defenestration of Prague
Deficit spending
Depopulation
Diet of Worms
Divine right
Dutch East India Company
Edward VI
Electors
El Greco
Elizabeth I
Émigrés
Encomiendas
English Bill of Rights
English Reformation
Estates
Estates-General
Factions
Florence
Fourteen points
Francis Bacon
Francisco Pizarro
Frederick William I
French and Indian War
Galileo
guerrilla warfare
Guillotine
Heliocentric
Hernan Cortes
Huguenots
humanities
humanism
Hypothesis
Ignatius of Loyola
indulgences
intendants
Jacobins
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Jesuits
Johann Gutenberg
Johannes Kepler
John Calvin
King Henry VIII
League of Nations
Legitimacy
Leonardo da Vinci
Levee
Limited monarchy
Line of Demarcation
Louis XIV
Lusitania
Marie Antoinette
Maria Theresa
Martin Luther
Mary Tudor
Maximilien Robespierre
Mercenaries
Mennonite
Michelangelo
Miguel de Cervantes
Militarism
Moctezuma
Mobilize
Moluccas
Napoleonic Code
Nationalism
Niccolo Machiavelli
No man’s land
Oliver Cromwell
Palace of Versailles
Partition
Peon
perspective
Peter the Great
Petition of Right
Plantation
Plebiscite
predestination
Prime Minister
printing press
Protestant Reformation
Prussia
Puritans
Reparations
Republic
Renaissance
Renaissance Man
Sans-culottes
Schlieffen Plan
Scientific Method
Scorched earth policy
sect
sepoys
Sir Isaac Newton
Sovereign
Stalemate
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Suffrage
Tennis Court Oath
Tenochtitlan
"The Prince"
Thomas More
Toleration Act
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Versailles
Trench warfare
U-boats
Unrestricted submarine warfare
Warm water port
Westernization
William Harvey
Zimmermann telegram
Short Answer
What are 3 reasons for Exploration to occur that have been discussed in the unit?
Curiosity/Discovery
Religion
Resources
Trade/Money
What impact did Prince Henry have on Exploration?
Prince Henry basically pushed most of Europe into the Age of Exploration through his programs and schools. Prince Henry brought together all of Europe's greatest engineers, ship builders, cartographers, navigators, and sailors. Through the success of the Portuguese explorers, the rest of Europe was motivated to enter the period.
Name two sailors and their accomplishments for each of the following countries: Portugal, Spain.
Portugal: Dias (rounded the tip of Africa), da Gama (first to make it to India, 300% profit on the goods he returned with)
Spain: Columbus (West Indies), Magellan (Circumnavigation), Balboa (crossed Panama to claim the Pacific Ocean)
What are some goods that Europeans wanted from Africa? Name at least 3.
Slaves, ivory, gold, diamonds, salt, hides, bananas
What did the Chinese think about European goods?
The Chinese believed that European goods were unpractical and had absolutely no aesthetic value. They believed Europeans and their goods to be inferior to their own culture.
Why did Qianlong retire after 60 years when he could have continued ruling?
Qianlong retired after 60 years in honor of his grandfather who had only ruled for that long. Qianlong did not want to be seen as being a greater ruler than his grandfather.
Explain Lord Macartney's three strikes with the Chinese.
Failed to give gifts to the Chinese.
Spoke openly about English Superiority.
Failed to bow to the emperor.
Explain the extent of European trade with Japan.
Japan originally was open to trade with the Europeans. After Spain took over the Philippines, the Japanese feared they would suffer the same fate. They kicked European out and allowed only a couple ships a year.
Compare the Advantages of the Spanish with the disadvantages of the Aztec.
Advantages: Guns, Horses, Disease, Metal Armor
Disadvantages: Lack Immunity, Leather Armor, Bows and arrows
Who was Malinche? How did she become associated with Cortes and what was the extent of her help to the conquistador?
Malinche was the translator for Hernan Cortes. She was originally a slave and concubine. She helped him to set alliances and understand the superstitions of the Aztecs. She was crucial in his conquering of the Aztecs.
How were Spanish colonies ruled?
Spanish colonies were ruled by a council and viceroy system. The Council of the Indies and the viceroys, or governors, was selected by the king. The council was responsible for taxing and creating laws for the colonies while the viceroys were responsible for implementing the laws and collecting the taxes.
Describe the class system of the Spanish colonies.
Peninsulares – Spaniards
Creoles – Spanish Americans
Mestizos – Native American/ Europeans
Mulattoes – African/Europeans
What were the two English settlements discussed and what were their reasons for being created?
Jamestown - resources
Plymouth - religion
What are the major resources of the New World?
Furs, wood, fish, tobacco, indigo, gold
Charles I was also Charles V. What empire did he receive to get the new title?
What lands did it include? What did Charles do with those lands after ruling them for many years?
Charles I received the Hapsburg Empire, which included the remaining portion of the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands. Charles I gave up his land to his brother and son. The Netherlands and Spain went to his son Philip II and the Holy Roman Empire went to his brother, Ferdinand.
Why was Elizabeth I an enemy of Philip II? Name two of her actions.
She helped the Netherlands get their independence. She knighted Francis Drake, who was an enemy of Philip II and she promoted pirateering of Spanish ships.
How did Philip try to get back at Elizabeth I? What was the outcome?
He created the Spanish Armada and was defeated by Sir Francis Drake and the much faster and more maneuverable English ships.
How did Henry IV bring peace to France? What were the goals of his government?
Henry IV converted to Catholicism to create peace between the Catholics and Huguenots. He also passed the Edict of Nantes which granted religious toleration to the Huguenots. In his government, Henry strove to repair infrastructure, improve agriculture, and lessen the influence of nobles.
How did Charles I lead England to Civil War? Describe the English Civil War and the outcomes.
Charles I kept dismissing the Parliament and this irritated the leaders. The Roundheads under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell captured Charles I who was leading the Cavaliers and executed him. The EnglishCommonwealth was then created under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell who eventually led it as a dictator. The English government then returned to a monarch upon the death of Cromwell.
Puritans take strict action and ban what?
Working on Sundays, Taverns, Dancing, Gambling
What was the Glorious Revolution?
The bloodless exchange of the government to the rule of William of Orange and Mary. They were required to sign the English Bill of Rights in order to take control of the government.
Describe Peter the Great's Journey West. How did he incorporate his journey into Russia upon his return?
Peter traveled the streets of Europe learning about the culture. He learned to pull teeth and how to perform autopsies. He learned the structure of factories and how militaries were formed and operated. When he returned to Russia, he required people to adopt Western styles of dress. He also brought soldiers, factory workers, and doctors back to Russia to teach the Russian people.
Describe the establishment of St. Petersburg.
St. Petersburg was built on a swamp that was drained by Russian peasants. Peter the Great had Italian architects design the city and German engineers build it because he wanted to incorporate European styles into Russia.
What happens to Poland?
Poland was partitioned by Catherine the Great (Russia), Frederick the Great (Prussia), and Joseph II (Austria).
How were the first and second estates able to dominate over the third estate in the Estates-General?
There was only one vote per estate and the first two were able to gang up on the third estate.
Describe the Estate system of France including who is in each estate and what they are responsible for in society.
What was the purpose and result of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy?
Describe the events of the Reign of Terror.
Who is Napoleon, tell about his life growing up and his rise to power. How is he eventually forced from power in France?
List and describe the 5 reasons for World War I.
Who did Austria-Hungary blame for the assassination of Francis Ferdinand?
Why did each of these countries enter the war?
Russia
France
Germany
Great-Britain
Describe Trench warfare. Why did it lead to a stalemate?
What problems existed in the trenches for the soldiers?
What were 5 new weapons or technology that was introduced? Pick 3 and tell how they were used in the war.
What nation joined the war on the Allied side in 1917? What nation dropped out of the war in 1918? Why did this nation drop out of the war?
What were the reasons for the U.S. entering World War I?
What promise did Vladimir Lenin make and keep when he came to power in communist Russia?
How was Germany hurt by the Treaty of Versailles?
What were the two fronts of the war? Where were they?
Who were the “Big Four” at the Paris Peace Conference?
What ultimately helped the Allies to win?
Name two of Wilson's Fourteen Points.