2nd Semester CRT Review
1. When levels of Calcium in the blood get too low, the bones release calcium back into the bloodstream. What type of feedback is this?
Negative
2. If blood glucose levels get too low, the pancreas secretes glucagon into the bloodstream, which causes the blood glucose levels to ______Rise______. (rise/fall)
3. What does the hormone ADH do in regards to urine/water in the body?
It is an anti-diuretic, which prevents the body from releasing urine.
4. What would happen if the concentration of ADH was at 50% of the maximum and you drank one liter of water?
The hypothalamus would stop releasing ADH into the bloodstream
5. What is erythropoiesis? Is it a positive or negative feedback mechanism?
It stimulates the production of red cells. This is a negative feedback mechanism.
6. What is the purpose of a red blood cell having a biconcave shape?
To increase the surface area to bind with oxygen.
7. Gas exchange in the cardiovascular system and respiratory system occur by what process?
Diffusion
8. What is urea?
Waste product formed as a result of the liver breaking down excess amino acids.
9. What blood vessel transports urea in and out of the membranes and into the bloodstream?
Capillaries
10. How are hormones produced by the endocrine system transported throughout the body?
Via the cardiovascular system
11. What does the HIV virus do to the Helper T cells?
Uses helper T cells to reproduce and destroys them in the process
12. What four types of cells prevent the HIV virus from causing the AIDS condition?
Memory Helper T, cytotoxic T cells, B cells and plasma cells.
13. As Carbon Dioxide levels in the blood RISES, blood pH levels fall, making the blood acidic. This increases respiratory rate. What would happen if the Carbon Dioxide levels LOWERED?
Decreased breathing rate, and increased pH levels.
14. What is inspiratory reserve volume?
The volume of air taken into the lungs during a deep breath.
15. What gas does the body get rid of in the process of breathing?
Carbon Dioxide
16. What is hyperventilation?
Deep rapid breathing that returns acidic blood pH to normal.
17. Describe the structure of the esophagus.
Mucosal layer allows food to move food via peristalsis.
18. What process moves food down the esophagus?
Peristalsis
19. Where is trypsin found?
Small intestine
20. Where is pepsin found?
Stomach
21. Compare the acidity of pepsin and trypsin.
Trypsin is less acidic than pepsin
22. What is the function of microvilli, villi and the folds of the small intestine?
Increases surface area for absorption
23. What would happen in the mucosal layers of the stomach if a patient has an ulcer?
It would cause acid to affect the deeper layers
24. What is secretin? How does secretin affect bile flow?
A hormone produced by the pancreas that causes bicarbonate ions to be added to bile. It increases bile flow rate.
25. What type of foods would cause an increase in bile flow?
Fried foods high in lipids (fats)
26. Compare LDL and HDL cholesterol levels.
LDLs have more cholesterol than HDLs
27. Study the structure of the kidney above. Urine flows in the following direction:
PyramidRenal PelvisPapillaeUreter
28. Just know this: ADH is the hormone that will increase the number of aquaporins inserted into the apical plasma membrane. (Really?)
29. The prostate surrounds the urethra in the male. If the prostate becomes inflamed, what would happen to his ability to empty his bladder via urination?
He would have difficulty urinating
30. How many days is an average woman’s menstrual cycle? 28
32. Where does sperm production begin? Testes
33. Where is the starting point of travel for sperm? Where is the ending point of travel for sperm?
Testes, Epididymis, Vas Deferens, Urethra
34. Where is the female reproductive system does fertilization occur? Fallopian or Uterine Tube
35. What is the function of the hormone FSH in males?
Sperm production