Name______
282 WAYS TO PASS THE EARTH SCIENCE REGENTS
1. Observations are facts derived from the environment by using the five senses. Ex: The book is yellowish.
2. In inferences are conclusions or predictions based on your observations. Ex: The rock is old.
3. Your senses can be extended (made more precise) by using instruments. Ex: The book is 22cm.
4. Classification is organizing observations in a meaningful way. Ex: The book is science fiction.
5. Mass- the amount of ______in an object.
6. Volume- the amount of ______an object occupies.
7. The ______of any given substance will remain the same regardless of the size, shape, or mass of the sample.
8. As the pressure increases, the density of a substance will ______.
9. As the temperature increases, the density ______.
10. Water expands when it ______causing density to ______.
11. Most changes are ______, which means that they are predictable (repeating pattern).
12. Dynamic Equilibrium means ______are occurring but overall they ______out.
13. Most substances are densest as a ______.
14. Water is densest at _____ degrees Celsius, when it is a ______.
15. Objects more dense than water ______, less dense will ______.
16. Because the Earth bulges slightly at the equator and is slightly flattened at the poles it is called an ______.
17. The equatorial diameter is ______than the polar diameter.
18. A person would weigh slightly ______at the poles because he/she is ______to the center of the Earth.
19. The best model of the Earth’s shape is a ______.
20. Evidence for a round earth: photos from space (best evidence), ships disappear slowly over the horizon, Earth’s shadow on the moon is curved (lunar eclipse), Polaris = latitude, gravity measurements are difference.
21. The altitude of Polaris (North Star) above the horizon is the same as the observer’s ______.
22. Polaris is located above the Earth’s ______of ______.
23. You can only see Polaris in the ______hemisphere –always have to look ______to see Polaris.
24. As a persons latitude increases, the altitude of Polaris ______.
25. If you’re at 90°N, then Polaris is ___ above the horizon- If you are at 0° then Polaris is ___° .
26. ______Lines run left to right (horizontal) but measures distances ______and ______of the equator.
27. ______Lines run up and down (vertically) but measure east and west of the Prime Meridian.
28. Approximate latitude of NY is ____ to 45°N, 72 to ____°W.
29. Longitude is based on earth’s rotation of 15°/hr and the sun’s apparent motion.
30. If you travel west time becomes less, if you travel east, time will increase!
31. The closer the isolines (contour, isobar, isotherm) the ______the slope (gradient).
32. Contour lines always bend at a stream forming a “V” that points in the opposite direction of flow.
33. Contour Interval – the elevation increase between two contour lines, Ocean/ sea level = 0.
34. Streams always flow from ______to______elevation.
35. Hydrosphere = water (oceans) Lithosphere = Crust (continental/oceanic) Atmosphere = Layers of gasses.
36. Apparent diameter of objects (sun, moon) gets larger when ______to earth.
37. The red shift (Doppler Effect) and cosmic background radiation is evidence for the Big Bang Theory
38. Light from distant galaxies show a shift to the ______end of the visible spectrum, which is evidence that the universe is ______.
39. Our sun is a medium size (Main Sequence) star in the galaxy called the ______.
40. Most stars spend a majority of their life as an average ______star. P. 15
41. Our sun will eventually swell up to be a red giant then shrink down into a white dwarf.
42. Star get their energy from ______(4 hydrogen into 1 helium)
43. The theory of the formation of the universe is called the ______theory.
44. The inner Terrestrial (rocky) planets are composed of ______and have ______average density.
45. The outer Jovian (gaseous) planets are composed of ______and have ______average density.
46. Stars like the Sun appear to move at ______per hour because the earth ______15 degrees per hour.
47. The only star that does not appear to move is ______because it is located directly above the Earth’s ______of______.
48. The earth ______from west to east (24 hours) at a rate of ___ degrees per hour.
49. The earth ______around the sun (365 1/4) days.)
50. All celestial objects appear to move from ______to ______.
51. The moon has phases because it ______around the ______.
52. Eclipses only occur at the ______and full moon phases.
53. A lunar eclipse is when the ______is blocked out.
54. A solar eclipse is when the ______is blocked out.
55. Earth’s seasons are caused by 1. ______
2.______of the Earth’s Axis
3.______of the Earth’s Axis
56. Evidence of Earth’s revolution around the Sun is the changing ______and ______throughout the year,
57. Summer solstice is on ______.
· The ______hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun.
· The direct (perpendicular) rays of the sun hit the tropic of ______.
· Sun rise is ______of east, and sunset is ______of the west.
58. Winter solstice is on ______.
· The ______hemisphere is tilted towards the sun.
· The direct (perpendicular) rays of the sun hit the Tropic of ______.
· Sun rise is ______of east, and sunset is ______of west.
59. Equinoxes are ______and ______.
· The direst (perpendicular) rays hit the ______.
· The sun rise______and sets ______on the equinoxes.
60. Duration of insulation = ______hours on the equinox.
61. The three important locations that receive the direct/perpendicular rays of the sun are:
______,______,______
62. Greatest angle of insolation/perpendicular/vertical rays of the Sun (overhead sun) can only occur
between ______°N & ______°S.
63. The maximum duration of insolation is ______hrs.
64. The greatest duration of insolation can only occur at _____°N or _____°S
65. The largest angle of insolation is ______degrees.
66. As the sun’s angle of insolation increases, the sun’s intensity ______.
67. The equator always has ______hours of daylight.
68. The higher the altitude of the sun, the ______the shadow.
69. Shadows are the longest at ______(time of day). And the shortest at ______.
70. Noon shadows are the shortest in NY on ______(date). Longest on ______(date)
71. In NY, an observer must always look ______to see the sun at noon.
72. The sun is ______at an observer’s zenith in NY.
73. Winds, ocean currents and anything else moving across Earth are deflected (curve) because of the ______.
74. Foucault’s pendulum and Coriolis effect is evidence that the Earth ______.
75. Changing Seasons ands Constellations is evidence that the Earth ______.
76. The Earth is closer to the sun during the ______season.
77. Preihelion – earth is ______to the sun.
78. Aphelion – earth is ______to the sun.
79. The closer a planet is to the sun, the ______its velocity as its orbits.
80. The closer a planet is to the sun, the ______the gravitational attraction.
81. Gravity is greatest when the mass of objects are ______and the distance between them is ______.
82. Tides are caused by the ______gravitational attraction.
83. There are ______high tides, and ______low tides per day (12 hours apart)- a cyclic pattern.
84. Our solar system is located ¾ the way down one of the spiral arms of our galaxy- the ______.
85. A ______is a cluster of 100-200 billion stars.
86. The following is in ______size and age order: Universe, Galaxy, Solar system, Earth.
87. ______model is earth centered. Everything revolves around the earth.
88. ______model is sun centered. Planets revolve around the sun.
89. All planets orbit in ______(shaped) orbits with the ______at one foci.
90. The farther from the Sun the ______the orbital path.
91. As the distance between foci increases, the eccentricity ______.
92. The more ______the orbit the less eccentric/elliptical it is.
93. The closer the eccentricity is to 0 the more ______, the closer it is to 1 the more ______the orbit is.
94. The earth’s orbit is extremely round, almost perfect, but it is slightly elliptical, see ESRT pg 15.
95. The color ______absorbs, while ______reflects energy.
96. Smooth/shiny surfaces ______more radiation, and rough dull surfaces ______more radiation.
97. ______transfers energy by direct contact (molecules collide).
98. Convection- heat transfers due to ______differences. (gases and liquids.)
99. Hot air and liquids ______because they are ______dense and ______.
100. When air is heated it becomes ______dense and ______.
101. Radiation – transfer of energy in the form of electromagnetic ______.
102. Electromagnetic energy is categorized based on ______. (pg 14 ESRT)
103. The portion of the sun’s electromagnetic energy that reaches the Earth’s surface with the maximum intensity is ______.
104. The ozone is found in the ______layer of the atmosphere and absorbs harmful rays known as ______.
105. When electromagnetic waves are bent due to density differences its called ______.
106. As the amount of aerosols in the atmosphere increases, the amount of the insolation reaching the earth ______.
107. Earth received mainly short wave ______during the day and later reradiates this energy back into space as ______waves (heat energy).
108. Infrared heat energy is absorbed by two gases ______and ______(green house gasses).
109. As the amount of Carbon dioxide increase, the temperature of the earth ______.
110. Objects radiate the most amount of energy when their temperatures are ______.
111. Energy moves from the source to sink, or from ______to ______.
112. Most of the energy that drives surface process come from the ______.
113. ______energy is energy of motion.
114. ______energy is stored energy or “energy of position”..
115. There is NO ______change during a phase change.
116. Use the ESRT to see which process release energy and which processes gain energy (front page.)
117. ______is heat energy that is re-radiated by the earth.
118. Land heats up ______than liquid water because it has a ______specific heat.
119. The higher the specific heat the ______it takes to heat up and cool down.
120. Good absorbers of radiation are also good ______.
121. The hottest time of the year is ______(approx date), which is after the angle of insolation (6/21)
122. Hottest part of the day is ______(approx time) which is after the greatest angle of insolation (noon).
123. As altitude increases, air pressure ______.
124. Air Pressure or Barometric Pressure is caused by weight of the air (Barometer measures Air Pressure.)
125. As altitude increases, the amount of water vapor ______.
126. The greatest amount of water vapor is found in the ______(layer of atmosphere.)
127. The greatest atmospheric pressure occurs in the ______(layer of the atmosphere.)
128. As temperature increases, density of air ______.
129. As temperature increases, air pressure ______.
130. As moisture content increases (humidity), air pressure ______.
131. AS temperature increases, the moisture holding capacity of the air ______.
132. High pressure systems are associated with ______weather conditions.
133. Low pressure systems are associated with ______weather conditions.
134. In Low pressure systems Lows blow ______and ______(L.I.C.C.)
135. In high pressure systems winds blow ______and ______(H.O.C.)
136. At the center of a low pressure center, air ______and ______(Low-CO)
137. At the center of a high pressure center air ______and ______(High-DI)
138. The highest pressure is ______and ______. Air pressure is lowest when it is ______and ______.
139. Winds blow due to difference in ______.
140. The more closely spaced the isobars the ______the wind speed.
141. Wind blows from regions of ______to ______pressure.
142. Winds are named for the direction the ______.
143. Weather patterns (in the U.S.) move from ______to ______, because we are located in the ______planetary wind belt.
144. (
145. Fronts are associated with ______pressure. Clouds and precipitation.
146. A front is a boundary between 2 air masses.
147. When warm air rises, it ______, ______and ______. (R.E.C.C.)
148. In order for clouds to form, the air needs to be ______and ______must be available.
149. The closer the air temperature is to the dew point the ______the relative humidity and the greater the chance for ______.
150. Air mass characteristics (temp. moisture) are determined by the ______.
151. The mT air mass that affect NY’s weather is ______and ______and forms over the ______of ______.
152. cP air masses are ______and ______and form over ______.
153. Relative humidity – a percentage of the amount of moisture in the air to the maximum amount it can hold.
154. Saturation – When the air is holding the ______amount of water it can hold.
155. Dew Point temperature – Temperature at which ______occurs (air is saturated.)
156. When the air temperature equals the dew point temperature relative humidity is ______.
157. When the air temperature approaches the dew point temperature relative humidity is ______.
158. Precipitation ______pollution and ______atmospheric transparency.
159. Dry, hot and windy conditions ______the rate of evaporation.
160. Tornadoes – short lived (a minute or less) small in size- get in the basement!
161. Hurricanes – Low Pressure systems- last days, very large, high winds, - evacuate – stock pile food/ water, batteries, etc.
162. Hurricanes get their energy from warm ocean water mT air mass, die over land, know hurricane track.
163. The rate of evaporation increases when surface area ______.
164. As particle size increases, permeability ______.
165. Porosity (percentage of empty pore spaces) does not depend on ______.
166. ______particle retain the most water after infiltration.
167. As the slope of the land increases, runoff ______.
168. Runoff ______when a surface is impermeable, saturated, steeply sloped.
169. In order for infiltration to occur the ground needs to be ______and ______.
170. If the rate of precipitation is greater than the rate of infiltration, ______will occur.
171. Capillarity (movement of water upward against gravity) increases when particle size ______.
172. Transpiration- process by which living plants release water vapor to atmosphere.
173. The amount of Ep (potential evapotranspiration) depends on ______.