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1. The single most powerful European political ideology of the 19th and early 20th centuries proved to be
a. Marxism
b. liberalism
c. nationalism
d. fascism
2. Nationalists generally contended that
a. ethnic boundaries should be separated from political boundaries
b. ethnic boundaries and political boundaries should coincide
c. multinational states were preferable to single ethnic kingdoms
d. both a and c
3. One of the most striking features of the 19th century is the
a. emergence of liberalism and the decline of conservatism
b. abrupt decline of conservatism following the revolution of 1830 in France
c. staying power of restored conservative institutions throughout the century
d. decline of liberalism as a political force after 1820
4. The Catholic Church was generally regarded as a
a. force for conservatism
b. force for liberalism since it had been largely reorganized after the French Revolution
c. strong social force which was supportive of popular movements
d. both b and c
5. Conservatives generally spurned the idea of
a. genuinely representative government
b. balance of power concepts
c. a written constitution
d. both a and c
6. Among the following, which were forces of conservatism?
a. monarchy and nationalists
b. monarchy and aristocracy
c. church and nationalists
d. nationalists and aristocracy
7. Alexander I of Russia came to the throne
a. by hereditary privilege after his father's natural death
b. after a coup d'etat led by his mother Catherine
c. after having suppressed a widespread popular rebellion
d. after a coup d'etat led by court nobles and the army
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8. Alexander I was well educated in the ideas of Enlightenment and
a. implemented progressive legislation
b. yet turned permanently away from reform
c. advocated the abolition of serfdom
d. both a and c
9. The Southern Society
a. was led by Pestel
b. advocated representative government and the abolition of serfdom
c. wanted protection for the interests of the aristocracy
d. both a and b
10. The early 19th century statesman who most epitomized conservatism was
a. Canning
b. Metternich
c. Decazes
d. O'Connell
11. Metternich believed that the recognition of the political rights of national groups in the Hapsburg domains
a. would work toward imperial unity and strength
b. would result in the dissolution of the empire
c. was important in establishing an alliance with Poland
d. would be necessary in gaining manpower for his army in the coming struggle with Russia
12. In the immediate postwar years, Metternich's policy toward Germany endeavored to
a. unify the German Confederation
b. restore the Holy Roman Empire
c. prevent any movement toward constitutionalism in the German Confederation
d. oppose the monarchy of Frederick William III
13. The Junkers were
a. the conservative Prussian aristocracy
b. allied with the army and Frederick William III
c. opposed to German nationalist aspirations
d. all of the above
14. The Burschenschaften were
a. student associations which advocated severing provincial loyalties and replacing them with loyalty to the concept of a united German state
b. aristocratic clubs which opposed unification and stressed regional government
c. student clubs which advocated war against France
d. groups of intellectuals who advocated political conservatism and social reform
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15. The Carlsbad Decrees
a. dissolved the Burschenschaften
b. provided for university inspectors and press censors
c. limited the subjects which might be discussed in regional constitutional chambers
d. both a and b
16. In Great Britain, popular dissatisfaction to the conservative government was inspired by
a. industrial unemployment
b. inflated prices for domestically produced grain
c. governmental protection of the interests of the landed and other wealthy classes
d. all of the above
17. The Coercion Act of 1817
a. banned all public gatherings
b. banned seditious gatherings
c. suspended habeas corpus
d. both b and c
18. The Corn Law of 1815
a. lowered the price of grain for relief of the impoverished
b. raised prices on grain
c. placed import duties on foreign grain which maintained high domestic prices
d. were finally repealed in 1816
19. The Six Acts of 1819
a. were designed to improve grain harvests and open the British economy
b. were issued partially in response to the "Peterloo Massacre"
c. attempted to remove the instruments of agitation from the hands of radical leaders and to provide authorities with new powers
d. both b and c
20. The Peterloo Massacre of 1819
a. resulted in the death of several radical reformers
b. resulted in the death of four members of the Prime Minister's cabinet when their meeting room was bombed
c. did not really occur and was a propaganda ploy on the part of the liberals
d. resulted in censorship of the press
21. The Cato Street Conspiracy
a. was a well-organized attempt to blow up the entire British Cabinet
b. provided new support for the repression of the government
c. helped further discredit the movement for Parliamentary reform
d. both b and c
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22. The Constitution of the French restoration was called
a. Union
b. Charter
c. Compact
d. none of the above
23. The Charter
a. provided religious toleration
b. designated Catholicism as the official religion of the nation
c. promised not to disturb property changes brought about by confiscation and sale of aristocratic and church lands
d. all of the above
24. The Count of Artois
a. was the firm advocate of moderation in government
b. was a liberal reformer who greatly influenced Louis XVIII
c. was an ultra-royalist who provided opposition to Louis XVIII
d. both a and b
25. During the congress at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818, Castlereagh and the British
a. suggested that the Quadruple Alliance agree to uphold the borders and existing governments of all European countries
b. advocated political self-determination for European countries
c. contended that the Quadruple Alliance was intended only to prevent future French aggression
d. continued to demand freedom of the serfs in Russia
26. The Concert of Europe
a. was a reconceptualization of the Holy Roman Empire
b. meant that no one nation could take major action in international affairs without the assent of the others
c. was designed to maintain the balance of power against the growing power of Prussia
d. worked toward a common constitution among member states
27. The Protocol of Troppau
a. allowed Russia and Prussia to build the strength of their armies
b. advocated intervention in Italian affairs
c. destroyed the Concert of Europe
d. asserted that stable governments might intervene to restore order in countries experiencing revolution
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28. The Congress of Verona in 1822 met in order to
a. establish a joint economic policy for the Concert of Europe
b. formally support the Monroe Doctrine
c. resolve the revolutionary situation in Spain
d. expel Britain from the Quadruple Alliance
29. The "eastern question" referred to the
a. weakness of the Ottoman Empire and the political and economic ramifications of this instability for European powers
b. prevalence of Islam and its threat to Christianity
c. economic problems created by a gold drain from the west to the east because of trade in luxury items
d. none of the above
30. Haiti received independence from France in a revolution led by
a. Toussaint L'Ouverture
b. Jacques Levant
c. Jean-Jacques Dessalines
d. both a and c
31. The liberation of Peru was achieved by the armies of
a. Simon Bolivar
b. Jose de San Martin
c. Bernardo O'Higgins
d. Toussaint L'Ouverture
32. Creole discontent was transformed into revolt by
a. Napoleon who placed his brother on the thrones of Spain and Portugal and thus produced an imperial political vacuum
b. the assassination of the king of Portugal who had fled to Brazil to escape Napoleon
c. the assassination of two Creole leaders by the Spanish Viceroy in Argentina
d. the destruction of the Spanish Fleet near Buenos Aires which provided a catalyst for revolt
33. The Chilean independence leader was
a. Jose de San Martin
b. Bernardo O'Higgins
c. Simon Bolivar
d. none of the above
34. Father Hidalgo led a reform movement in
a. New Spain
b. Brazil
c. Peru
d. both a and c
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35. Brazilian independence
a. came as the result of a series of bloody battles
b. was resisted by Dom Pedro and his Portuguese army
c. came relatively simply and peacefully
d. was forged by a coalition government of Creoles, Portuguese and Mestizos
36. The general political goal of liberals was a structure that would
a. retain political stability
b. limit the arbitrary power of government
c. provide democracy
d. both b and c
37. Economically, liberals
a. opposed government regulation of wages
b. sought the removal of economic restraints associated with mercantilism
c. favored removal of international tariffs
d. all of the above
38. The ruler who epitomized the most extreme form of 19th century autocracy was
a. Alexander I
b. Nicholas I
c. Louis XVIII
d. William IV
39. The Decembrist Revolt of 1825
a. was the first rebellion in modern Russian history whose instigators had specific political goals
b. was devised by middle-class merchants to secure political and economic reforms
c. symbolized the yearnings of Russian liberals whose numbers were substantial
d. all of the above
40. "Orthodoxy, Aristocracy, and Nationalism" was the slogan of
a. the Concert of Europe
b. the Carlsbad Decrees
c. official Nationalism
d. the Congress of Verona
41. The Four Ordinances of 1830
a. restricted freedom of the press
b. restricted the franchise to the wealthiest people in France
c. promoted swift and decisive popular reaction
d. all of the above
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42. Belgium was able to become independent because
a. the Belgians defeated a Dutch army
b. some of the major powers were distracted by domestic problems
c. Lord Palmerston was a skillful negotiator
d. all of the above
43. Daniel O'Connell was instrumental in
a. the agitation for Catholic emancipation in Ireland
b. the expansion of the Irish voting franchise to members of the lower classes
c. achieving a close political relationship with the Tories
d. all of the above
44. The Great Reform Bill
a. expanded the electorate
b. was a triumphant democratic measure
c. constituted the triumph of middle class interest
d. both a and b
45. The success of the Reform Bill of 1832 was
a. its reconciliation of previously unrepresented property owners and economic interests to the existing political institutions
b. its creation of a political situation in which further reforms of the church, municipal government and commercial policy could be achieved in orderly fashion
c. that people who sought change could be admitted to the political forum
d. all of the above
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1. c
2. b
3. c
4. a
5. d
6. b
7. d
8. b
9. d
10. b
11. b
12. c
13. d
14. a
15. d
16. d
17. d
18. c
19. d
20. a
21. d
22. b
23. d
24. c
25. c
26. b
27. d
28. c
29. a
30. d
31. b
32. a
33. b
34. a
35. c
36. b
37. d
38. b
39. a
40. c
41. d
42. d
43. a
44. a
45. d
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52. No answer in TestBank
53. No answer in TestBank