Worksheet 2.14
Supplemental Instruction
Iowa State University / Leader: / Travis
Course: / A ECL/BIOL 365
Instructor: / Dr. Adams
Date: / 10/26/16
1.) The ______is the layer of the integument derived from the ectoderm whereas the ______is the thicker, inner layer and is derived from the mesoderm.
2.) Fish scales contain cells called ______, which are used for color change.
3.) One of the few glands found in Aves is the ______gland used for preening.
4.) ______are a special structure found in mammals that are an outgrowth of the skull and are shed yearly.
5.) The ______is the master control center of the endocrine system and produces ______hormones, which stimulate the pituitary gland to produce other hormones.
6.) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are together known as ______. They are released by the anterior pituitary.
7.) ______is a hearing specialization found in nocturnal animals and those living in murky waters to help them locate objects via emission of high-frequency sounds.
8.) The ______intestine is the major site of nutrient absorption and where most chemical digestion occurs.
9.) ______glands produce toxins or poisons.
10.) Some vertebrates such as the hagfish don’t regulate their salt and water balance and are said to be ______.
11.) Two main types of neurons are ______neurons, which transfer environmental info to the CNS and ______neurons, which receive info from the CNS and pass it to effector organs, triggering a response.
12.) Bats, flying squirrels, and pterosaurs use a ______, which is a membranous structure that allows the animal to get/stay airborne.
13.) In the esophagus, ______is the waves of constrictions pushing food forward through the digestive tract.
14.) True ______only occurs in mammals due to our heterodont dentition.
15.) Birds and crocodiles have unique features called the ______, which produces digestive juices and the ______at the posterior end, which grinds food.
16.) The length of the digestive tract enhances nutrient absorption. Per unit body weight, herbivores tend to have ______(hint: size) intestines relative to carnivores.
17.) The ______is a blind sac that stores bile and is used for the breakdown of fats.
18.) Ruminants have four chamber stomachs beginning with the ______, ______, ______and ends with the ______.
19.) In the fundic tissue of the stomach, ______breaks down proteins while ______splits fats.
20.) The ______is a pouch in the digestive tract & is known as the appendix in humans.
21.) Oxytocin and Vasopressin are released by the ______.
22.) Most fish are ______, which means they CANNOT tolerate a wide range of salinity. Others are classified as ______and can handle a wide range of salinity.
23.) In mammals, ______glands are used for cooling while ______glands primarily act in sexual functions.
24.) Neurons contain 2 different processes: ______, which receive information and ______, which carry information away from the cell body.
25.) ______crawling is the most common form and can by characterized by anguilliform movement on land.
26.) The ______in birds is for the storage of grains and other foods.
27.) Most internal organs are innervated with two antagonistic components of the autonomic nervous system. For instance, with respect to heart rate, the ______system increases heart rate, while the ______slows heart rate.
28.) In mammals and many fish, the digestive tract terminates in a rectum and anus; other lineages have a ______, which discharges urine and feces.
29.) Action potentials are propagated by ______conduction due to myelination of the axons.
30.) In the nervous system there are 2 common types of synapses, ______and ______.
31.) Out of the five basic tastes, ______is the most important to warn an organism of toxic levels.
32.) Mechanoreceptors are located the ______of the skin.
33.) In accordance with sound, ______determines the pitch whereas the ______determines volume.
r
34.) The ______is the organ of hearing and is located in the inner ear.
35.) While most vertebrates use sexual reproduction, some use a form of asexual reproduction known as ______.
36.) The light sensitive region called the ______is found in some fish, reptiles, and birds.
37.) The retina contains the ______, which includes the ______and ______.
38.) Many reptiles undergo a process called ______where the epidermis is shed.
39.) The California ground squirrel produces an ______signal when confronting rattlesnakes. This alters the snake behavior to avoid the ground squirrel and no longer pursue it as prey. The most interesting part is the ground squirrel can’t detect the signal it produces.
40.) The majority of vertebrates use ______sex determination, which refers to sex chromosomes determining the sex of the offspring like birds or mammals. However, there are a small number of vertebrates that rely on environmental conditions to determine the sex. These vertebrates use ______sex determination (TSD).
41.) ______and ______are the two forces, which allow aquatic locomotion to occur.
42.) To be an efficient swimmer, the organism must also counteract ______and reduce _____.
43.) Smell is more ______than taste, and is the most ______and universal of all the senses.
44.) ______states that an increase in in airspeed causes a decrease in pressure, thus resulting in more lift.
45.) The 3rd eyelid, also known as the ______is transparent and prevents the eye from drying out.
46.) A bird’s wing is said to have ______, meaning it is thicker at the leading edge, and thin at the trailing edge.
47.) The main shaft of a feather is called the ______, which then have barbs extending off of it.
48.) Aquatic vertebrates can reduce drag by having a ______body shape.
49.) Name the 5 types of terrestrial locomotion.
50.) Name the 4 thrusting movements and explain what each movement is and who does this.
51.) Instability during swimming can be caused by three factors. Name and describe each factor then provide the fin(s) that counteract that movement.
52.) Name the 3 locomotion postures and an example of each.
53.) Contrast the mechanisms that freshwater fish and marine fish use to regulate salt/water balance.
54.) What is the functional unit of the kidney? Name the components of this functional unit and describe their function.
55.) Name the three types of sense organs (receptor types) and explain their function.
56.) What is a lateral line? How does it sense vibrations, who uses this, and why is it important?
57.) Compare and contrast rods and cones.
58.) Describe monocular and binocular vision. Explain why this is important in a predator/prey relationship.
59.) Vertebrates display a variety of reproductive strategies. List the characteristics below, which describe the extremes of this reproductive continuum. Make sure to list examples of each.
R-selected species K-selected species
Know the difference between the resting and action potential four phases (don’t need detail)
1. Resting membrane potential à inside is –, outside is +
2. Depolarization à inside +, outside –
3. Hyperpolarization à refractory period (where the charge cannot go backward)
4. Repolarization à reestablish resting membrane potential
Study the parts of the feather (rachis, calamus, barbs, barbules, hamuli)
How do you distinguish between a flight and tail feathers
Know the difference between horns and antlers
Know the 3 hair types and location
Know the 9 glands in the endocrine system
Know what the anterior pituitary gland produces and what each hormone does
Know 4 stomach epithelial tissues and what order they’re present. Which one is only found in mammals?
Know the 2 Hermaphrodites and examples and the 2 types of diadromous fishes
What are undulations and oscillations? Know 2 types of drag
Know the 2 types of flying and 2 types of soaring
Know the crawling types
Know gripping structures specialized for climbing
Know 3 pair bond types and examples
GOOD LUCK and study hard!!!!!