2—Empires and Caliphates

“The Crescent and the Cross”

Pastor Mike Cooke

  1. Umayyad Caliphate (Arab-Syrian Sunni)
  2. 661—Caliph Muawiyahmakes Damascus in Syria the capital of Islam

1)Makes Arabic the official language of Islam

2)Makes the dinar the official currency of Islam

  1. 691—Caliph al-Malik builds the Dome of the Rock to rival the Holy Sepulchre

1)Borrows architecture and artwork from the Byzantines

2)Borrows prostration in prayer from Eastern Orthodoxy

  1. 705—His son Caliph al-Walid builds al-Aqsa Mosque (furthest mosque)
  2. 707—John of Damascus flees the Muslim court to become a Monk

1)726—Emperor Leo III issues an edict against the veneration of icons

2)John defends iconism against the Emperor and Islam

  1. 711—General Tariq ibd-Zayid takes Hispania from the Visogoths and establishes the independent Emirite of Córdoba
  1. Abbasid Caliphate (Arab-Persian Sunni)
  2. 750—Caliph al-Mutalib moves the capital to the Persian city of Baghdad

1)Builds“House of Wisdom”for Greek, Persian and Indian science

2)Allow several vassal Muslim states to coexist

  1. 813—Caliph al-Ma’munbuilds knightly army of Turkish slaves called Mamluks, captured in Viking raids from around the world
  1. Fatimid Caliphate (Egyptian Shi’a)
  2. 909—Caliph al-Shi’i conquers North Africa and establishes the first and last Shi’a caliphate, named after Muhammad’s daughter Fatimah
  3. 969—General Jawhar conquers Egypt and builds a new capital called Cairo
  4. 983—Fatimids expand into Syria causing conflict with the Byzantines
  5. 1009—Caliph al-Hakim destroys the Holy Sepulchre to inspire the Abbassids to join him against the Christians, Europe blames the Jews
  6. 1048—Caliph al-Zahir signs a treaty allowing Constantine IX to rebuild the church, in exchange for reopening the mosque in Constantinople
  1. The Holy Roman Empire (European Catholic)
  2. 800—Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne as Carolingian Emperor
  3. 962—Pope John XII Crowns Otto I as Holy Roman Emperor
  4. 988—Vladimir the Great adopts Orthodoxy for KievanRus

1)Rejects Islam because they do not drink

2)Rejects Judaism because they lost the temple

3)Is impressed by the Hagia Sofia in Constantinople

  1. 1054—The Great Schism finally breaks communion between the Greek Church in the East and the Latin Church in the West

1)The insertion of “filoque” into the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed

2)The use unleavened bread in the Eucharist

3)The primacy of the Pope over the entire Church

a)Celibacy among the Latin priesthood

b)Rejection of the veneration of icons

  1. Popes begin to call for Crusades to retake Christian lands

1)996—Pope Gregory V is the first to call for a Crusade

2)1064—Pope Alexander II begins issuing indulgences to knights

3)1073—Pope Gregory VII declares himself sovereign over all princes of the world