Module 2 Guided Notes
2.01 Axial and Appendicular Muscles
Major Skeletal Muscles- page 3 and 4
Focus Question:
Can you identify the major muscles of the body on a diagram?
Axial and Appendicular Skeletal Muscles- page 5 and 6
Use the Major Muscle Groups Worksheet below and fill it in as you view the skeletal muscles slideshows on page 5 and 6.
Focus Question:
What are the major muscle groups of the axial and appendicular skeleton and where are they located?
2.01: Major Muscle Groups Worksheet
This worksheet will guide your note-taking for the Major Skeletal Muscles slideshow. Be sure to include drawings or sketches of your muscle groups. (or refer to the diagrams above) It will help you when you are studying this material in the future. Your drawings do not need to be fancy. You can make simple stick figures with arrows pointing to the location of the muscle group if you wish.
1. Axial muscles are skeletal muscles of the ______or ______.
2. Appendicular muscles are skeletal muscles of the upper or lower ______.
3. The ______is a large superficial muscle that extends from the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae and to the spine of the scapula. (Include sketch of muscle location in the box provided.)
4. The actions of the trapezius are ______.
5. The ______is a fan-shaped muscle on the chest, making up the bulk of the male chest and found under the breast in a female.
6. The actions of the pectoralis major are ______.
7. The ______is a thin, triangular muscle found deep in, or underneath, the pectoralis major.
8. The actions of the pectoralis minor are ______.
9. The ______, commonly known as "lats," are large, flat muscles posterior to the arm and partly covered by the trapezius. This is the ______muscle in the back.
10. The actions of the latissimus dorsi are ______. .
11. The ______is a broad and thin muscle found on the lateral and anterior parts of the abdomen.
12. The actions of the external obliques are ______. .
13. The muscle ______, commonly called the "abs," is a paired muscle that runs vertically on the anterior wall of the human abdomen.
14. The actions of the rectus abdominis are ______.
15. The ______forms the rounded shape of the shoulder.
16. The actions of the deltoid muscles are ______.
17. The ______muscle, commonly called the “triceps," is the large muscle on the back of the arm.
18. The actions of the triceps are ______.
19. The ______, often called “biceps,” is a two-headed muscle (bi- means “two”). It lies on the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow.
20. The actions of the biceps are ______.
21. The ______is a narrow and thick muscle that makes up a large portion of the shape and appearance of the buttocks.
22. The actions of the gluteus maximus are ______.
23. The ______are a large muscle group that occupies the back of the thigh.
24. The actions of the hamstrings are ______.
25. The ______is a large muscle group that occupies the front and sides of the thigh.
26. The actions of the quadriceps femoris are ______.
27. The ______is the muscle on the back of the leg and forms part of the calf.
28. The actions of the gastrocnemius are ______
Complete the review activity on Page 7.
Assessment-page 8
Follow the instructions on page 8. It is a hands-on lab activity that examines muscle locations, origins, insertions, and actions. This is a two-part lab, so be sure to complete both parts of the assignment before submitting the lab report to your instructor.
2.02 Skeletal Muscles
Muscle Tissue-page 2 and 3
Focus Question:
What are the three types of muscle tissues? (Page 2)
Focus Question:
How does the structure of skeletal muscle compare to smooth and cardiac muscle? (Page 3)
Fill in the chart below.
Type of Muscle / Cell / Contraction / FunctionSkeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Complete the review on page 4 or the one below. (Check on page 4 review for the correct answers.)
2.02: Muscle Tissue Review
For each sentence, choose the correct muscle type:
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
1. Cells are branched and striated with one nucleus.
2. Controls voluntary movements in the body, such as moving the head or limbs.
3. Cells are short, with one nucleus and no striations.
4. Cells are thin, elongated fibers with multiple nuclei and striations.
5. Makes up organ lining, like in blood vessels and intestines.
6. Found in the heart, to help pump blood through chambers and out into blood vessels.
7. Contracts in response to stimuli from a nerve, relaxing when stimulation stops.
8. Controlled involuntarily, cannot be consciously contracted.
9. Controlled involuntarily, can continue to function without nerve stimulation.
Structure of Skeletal Muscle-page 5
Focus Question:
What are the microscopic structures of skeletal muscle?
Parts of a Muscle Fiber –page 6
Focus Question:
What are the microscopic structures of skeletal muscle?
Use the slide show to describe the microscopic structures of skeletal muscles.
Skeletal Muscle-
Connective Tissue-
Fascia-
Epimysium-
Fascilcles-
Perimysium-
Endomysium-
Blood Vessels-
Nerves-
Sarcolemma-
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum-
Assessment-page 7
Examine the slide images of the three muscle tissue types (skeletal, smooth, or cardiac). The slide titles are listed as:Human Cardiac, Intestines–Colon, Skeletal Muscle–Longitudinal and Cross Sections. Select each of the following tissue slides: Human Cardiac, Intestines-Colon, Skeletal Muscle- Longitudinal and Cross Sections. Observe the tissue slides using all objective magnifications for each specimen. Examine the size, shape, and arrangement of the muscle fibers. Study the labeled structures and reflect on the relationship between structure and function.
As you view the slides, complete the required table (below). The table will be submitted to your instructor.
Slides: / Are there striations across the width of the muscle cells? / Number of Nuclei? / What are the size, shape, and arrangement of fibers? / What function occurs as a result of the contractions in the selected muscle? (see page 3 of the lesson) / What is the relationship between structure and function in the selected muscle? (see page 3 of the lesson)Muscle - Human Cardiac
Intestines - Outer Wall Detail(smooth muscle)
Slide 1:Muscle- Skeletal Longitudinal Section
and
Slide 2:Muscle-Skeletal Cross Section
2.02 Honors-Cellular Energy
Cell Metabolism-page 2
Focus Question:
What is aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Write down the reactants and products of Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration-
Anaerobic respiration-
Use this Energy and Movement Worksheet and fill it in as you view this video on aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
2.02 H: Energy and Movement Worksheet
Word Bank: aerobic, aerobic respiration/metabolism, anaerobic, anaerobic respiration/metabolism, ATP energy, carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, fat, fermentation, glucose, glucose, glycogen, lactic, two, 36
1. When we exercise, our muscles need ______to do their work. This energy comes from the things we eat, like ______and fats.
2. Carbohydrates convert to ______, our primary energy source.
3. Extra glucose is stored in our bodies as ______or fats.
4. The body converts glucose and fats to an energy molecule called ______.
5. ATP can be formed by two different metabolic processes, ______, which requires oxygen, and ______, which does not require oxygen.
6. Short, quick bursts of exercise commonly utilize______metabolism.
7. Exercise lasting for longer periods of time uses ______metabolism.
8. Aerobic metabolism creates ______molecules of ATP per glucose molecule.
9. By-products of aerobic metabolism, also known as aerobic respiration, are ______and water.
10. Aerobic metabolism can also use ______as an energy source.
11.______metabolism, as known as anaerobic respiration or fermentation, can provide additional ATP when oxygen availability is low. This usually happens during strenuous exercise.
12. Anaerobic metabolism creates only ______molecules of ATP per glucose molecule.
13. A by-product of anaerobic metabolism is ______acid.
14. Anaerobic respiration can only use ______, not fat.
Cellular Processes-page 3
Focus Question:
Why is aerobic and anaerobic respiration necessary for life?
Aerobic Respiration-
Anaerobic Respiration: Fermentation-
Focus Question:
Describe two types of anaerobic respiration?(Look under video)
Alcoholic fermentation-
Lactic acid fermentation-
Assessment
Complete the 02.02 Honors—Cellular Energy quiz.
2.03 Muscle Contraction
Sliding Filament Theory-page 3
Do not skip the videos, animations, or slides shows on any page of this lesson. Doing so will create gaps in your understanding of this process.
Focus Question:
What is the Sliding Filament Theory?
Sliding filament theory-
Muscle fascicles-
Muscle fibers-
Chemistry of Muscle Contraction-page 4 and 5
Focus Question:
Can you explain what happens in each step of a sliding filament muscle contraction?
Myofibrils-
Sarcomeres-
Myofilaments-
Actin-
Myosin-
Sliding Filament Theory-page 5
Focus Question:
Can you explain what happens in each step of a sliding filament muscle contraction?
Use this sliding filament theory worksheet and fill it in as you view the slideshow. Make sure to watch the animation below the slideshow as well.
2.03: Sliding Filament Theory Worksheet
1. When the muscle cell is in a ______, the two strands are not in contact with one another.
2. When your nerves send a message to your muscles, these two protein strands reach out and touch one another. The movement that occurs gives us the name ______.
3. In addition to actin and myosin, your muscles also need ______to provide energy to fuel the sliding movement that occurs when the muscle contracts.
4. Proteins can change shapes when they come into contact with charged particles called ______. .
5. When a muscle is at rest, there are two tiny proteins called ______and______that are wrapped around the actin.
6. There are also ______molecules stuck to each one of the ______heads when the muscle is in a relaxed state.
7. It is the ______, ______, and ______which keep the myosin heads from extending and attaching to the protected actin strand.
8. During periods of rest, the muscle builds up an abundance of ions that will be used when it is time for the muscle to contract. The cell gets these ions through the calcium pumps of the , which is wrapped around each sarcomere.
9. When the muscle receives a signal from the nerves around it, the signal travels down the cells membrane in folds called .
10. When the signal reaches the SR, the calcium pumps wide and the ions begin to flow.
11. Calcium ions bind to the troponin. This causes the troponin to shape and around the actin, which moves the tropomyosis out of the way leaving binding sites exposed.
12. With the binding sites open, the myosin heads and to the actin.
13. This attachment is called a . The contact causes the myosin heads to bend toward the center of the sarcomere, shortening the overall length. We call this sarcomere shortening a .
14. When there is no longer a nerve stimulus, the calcium ions back inside the SR, an ATP molecule the head of the myosin, and the troponin and tropomyosin return to their resting positions.
15. It is the energy that is released by the ATP molecule on the myosin head that fuels muscle ______.
Complete the Muscle Contraction Review-page 6 (You will see these steps again on your module exam!
Assessment-page 7
Read the detailed instructions from the lesson page.
2.03 H- Physiology of Muscle
Muscle Power-page 2
Focus Question:
Why is oxygen so important to muscle contractions?
ATP-
Cellular Respiration-
Hemoglobin-
Slow and Fast Twitch Fibers-page 3
Focus Questions:
How does the structure of a muscle fiber affect how it produces ATP?
How does the use of anaerobic respiration relate to a muscle fiber’s endurance?
Fill in the chart below.
Slow Twitch Muscles / Fast Twitch MusclesMuscle Fatigue-page 4
Focus Question:
Why do we experience muscle fatigue?
Use the video and the content on the lesson page to find specific details for this answer.
Complete the lesson review below. Check your answers with the page 5 review.
2.03 H: Muscle Power and Fatigue Review
1. There are two main types of skeletal muscle fibers, slow twitch and fast twitch. The differences in these fibers influence how the cells contract and how muscles respond to [physical activity, rest].
2. On average, we have about 50 percent slow twitch and 50 percent fast twitch fibers in most of the muscles used for movement. The slow twitch muscles are more efficient at using [carbon dioxide, oxygen] to generate ATP through [anaerobic respiration, cellular respiration].
3. They fire [quickly, slowly] and can go for a [long time, short time] before they fatigue.
4. Fast twitch fibers use [anaerobic respiration, cellular respiration] to create fuel.
5. They are able to fire rapidly but they fatigue [quicker, slower] than slow-twitch.
6. [Muscle contraction, Muscle fatigue] during physical work is an inability for the muscle to contract to its potential.
7. An insufficient supply of [ATP, oxygen] causes the muscle fibers to use [anaerobic respiration, cellular respiration] to make ATP, causing a build-up of [glycogen, lactic acid] in the cells.
8. This buildup interferes with the fiber’s response to [injury, nerve stimuli].
Assessment-page 7
Read the detailed instructions from the lesson page.
2.04Discussion Based Assessment
Once you have studied and completed all lessons in this module, it is time to contact your instructor for a Discussion-Based Assessment.
Your instructor will ask you questions related to the blue focus questions in these module guided notes. These focus questions are the same questions found at the top of every lesson page.